Council vs. Counsel Commonly Confused Words

Council and counsel are homophones, and both words relate to the concept of advice and guidance. However, they do not have identical definitions. Heres how to master the differences between these two words. How to Use Council Council is a noun that refers to a group of people who have been chosen to serve in an administrative, legislative, or advisory role. The word most commonly appears in a government context, but there are also town councils and student councils. A council can be any assembly of individuals who have been chosen to lead a certain organization. Members of a council, called councilors, typically make decisions related to the group or organization they serve. How to Use Counsel The word counsel can be both a verb and a noun. As a verb, counsel means â€Å"to give advice.† As a noun, counsel sometimes refers to a piece of advice or an opinion, often in a legal context. However, the noun form of counsel can also refer to an assembly of people intended to give such advice. A counsel does not have to be elected. The word counselor comes from counsel. Counselor refers to an advisor or other individual who can offer opinions or guidance, such as a guidance counselor or a marriage counselor. How to Remember the Difference A helpful way to distinguish between council and counsel is to think of people involved in a counsel as trying to sell you on their advice or opinion: they are trying to coun-sell you. To remember that a council signifies an elected leadership group, recall that council has two cs, and c stands for city and committee. Examples Megs father, a town councilor, met with the high school counselor to discuss Megs college options. Megs father is an elected member of the town council. The high school counselor is employed by the school to offer advice and opinions about a student’s collegiate prospects.We thanked the lawyers for providing counsel on the matter. Counsel, functioning here as a noun, refers to the legal advice given by a group of lawyers.  They were excited to be elected to the church council based on their vision of the church’s future. Here, council refers to a group of officials elected to help lead and oversee the church, ultimately making decisions that will shape the future of the church.The president discussed financial policy with the economic council members, but kept his own counsel when it came to his personal life. The president consulted a group of people who had been chosen to serve in advisory roles related to his economic policies. However, he kept the details of his p ersonal life to himself and did not seek others insight.My mother counseled me to apply sunscreen before going to the beach with my fellow student council members. The mother offers advice, or counsels, to her child before the child spends the day with the other members of the organization to which she was elected (the student council). What About Consul? The less-used term consul creates another point of confusion when determining which word to use. Consul is a noun that refers to a person who has been appointed to represent a government or state in a foreign country. For example, the U.S. president can appoint a consul to represent U.S. interests in another country. Unlike council and counsel, which in their noun forms refer to groups of individuals, consul refers to one individual.

Biogeography as Evidence That Evolution Accounts for Diversity of Life Free Essays

2) Biogeography is one source of evidence that evolution accounts for the diversity of life. Biogeography is the study of the geographic distribution of species and has contributed evidence for descent from common ancestors, which was hypothesized by Charles Darwin. Darwin and Alfred Wallace were both very interested in biogeography, which provided Darwin with evidence for evolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Biogeography as Evidence That Evolution Accounts for Diversity of Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now Species distribution can be accounted for by ecological factors or by historical factors. The three major historical factors affecting geographic distribution are dispersal, extinction and vicariance. Island biogeography has been extensively studied to show the evolution of species due to geographic barriers. Biogeography along with the history of the earth lends supporting evidence to evolution and the diversity of life on earth. Darwin showed that biogeographic facts make sense if a species has a definite site of origin, achieves a broader distribution by dispersal, and becomes modified giving rise to descendent species in the regions in which it migrates. He noticed that unrelated organisms inhabit parts of the world with similar climates and habitats, such as Old and New World organisms. Darwin also found that organisms of various regions may be different due to barriers or obstacles that may limit migration. He also stated that there is a relation between inhabitants of the same continent or sea but that species differ from place to place. An example of this is aquatic rodents of South America are related to mountainous and grassland rodents of South America, but not to aquatic rodents of North America. Alfred Wallace noticed that several higher taxa had similar distributions and that the composition of biota is more uniform within certain regions then between them. He had collected specimens in the Malay Archipelago and had thought of natural selection. He did extensive field work in the Amazon and noticed that geographic barriers, such as the Amazon River itself, separated the ranges of closely related species. These observations led him to designate several biogeographic realms. He observed that the fauna of Australia and Asia were different and the break between them is known as the Wallace Line. Historical factors affecting geographic distributions of species include extinction, dispersal, and vicariance. Extinction of certain opulations reduces the distribution of species but it also allows for diversification. Extinctions are selective in that some species are more likely to survive then others. For example, gastropods with wide geographic and ecological distributions and those with many species survived the end-Permian extinction. Extinction can lead to diversification in that it resets the stage for evolutionary radiations, perhaps by p ermitting the appearance of new community structures. Futuyma suggests that the extinction of one group permits the efflorescence of others, which is also shown in the fossil record. Dispersal and vicariance are the major hypotheses attributing to a taxon’s distribution. An example of vicarance is taxa that have members on different land masses in the Southern Hemisphere, which is hypothesized to be due to the breakup of Gondwanaland isolating descendents of common ancestors. America, Africa, Madagascar, and India are all home to the freshwater fishes, cichlids. Molecular phylogenetic analyses has shown that two sister clades of cichlids have been found, one consisting of Madagascan and Indian species, and the other of two monophyletic groups, one in Africa and one in South America. However, the splits between the clades are more recent than the breakup of Gondwanaland which suggests that perhaps the cichlids achieved their distribution by dispersal. Both vicariance and dispersal could be the likely cause of the geographic distribution of cichlids. Species expand their ranges by dispersal which is a critical process for geographic isolation in evolution and the current geographic distributions. Most species are restricted to certain biogeographic realms by their dispersal ability but many species have expanded their range due to human transplant. For example, the European starling has expanded in North America following its introduction into New York City in 1896 (Futuyma, 2005). Transplanted species may disrupt the ecosystem at its new location by evolving and adapting to the new environment, possibly causing the extinction of native species. Adaptation to the environment as a primary product of evolution was suggested by Jean Baptiste Lamarck who believed that evolution is the best explanation of the diversity of life. Vicariance is the separation of populations of a widespread species by barriers arising from changes in climate, geology, or habitat. Vicariance can lead to speciation if populations are separated by a geographic barrier and evolve genetic reproductive isolation such that if the barrier disappears, the species can no longer interbreed. Natural selection is a powerful evolutionary force and therefore the genetic changes that result in reproductive isolation in vicariant speciation are likely due to adaptive evolution. Several geological processes can fragment a population into two, such as a mountain range emerging, rivers, lakes, or land bridges. Island biogeography is a very good example of evidence for evolution. Islands are generally where endemic species of plants and animals are found but Darwin observed that most island species are closely related to species from the nearest mainland or neighbouring island. Two islands that have similar environments in different parts of the world are populated by species that are taxonomically affiliated with the plants and animals of the nearest mainland which generally has a different environment. Speciation may occur on islands if a species that disperses from a mainland to an island succeeds in its new environment and gives rise to several new species as populations spread to other islands. Once isolated, geographically separated populations become genetically differentiated as a result of mutation and other processes such as natural selection. Environmental factors are likely to be different from one place to another so natural selection can contribute to geographic variation, differences in the gene pool between populations. Speciation is often a gradual process as the reproductive barriers between the groups is only partial in the beginning but leads to complete reproduction separation (Campbell and Reece, 2002). An example of vicariance and island biogeography is the finches on the Galapagos Islands. Darwin noticed that the finches he collected from the islands were very similar, but that they were in fact different species. Some were unique to individual islands, while other species were distributed on two or more islands that were close together. New finch species had arisen from an ancestral form by the gradual accumulation of adaptations to a different environment. For example, the different beak sizes of the finches are adapted to the specific food available to them on their home island. This is an example of species adapting and evolving to suit their new environment. The Hawaiian Islands are another example of the world’s showcase of evolution and island biogeography. Each island started bare but was gradually populated by species that either rode ocean currents or blew over in the wind, either from distant islands or continents. The physical diversity of each island provides many different environmental opportunities for evolutionary divergence by natural selection. Many of the plants and animals that are currently found on the islands are found nowhere else in the world, they are endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago (Campbell and Reece, 2002). The history of earth also helps to explain the current geographic distribution of species. For example, the emergence of volcanic islands such as the Galapagos opens new environments for species to inhabit and adaptive radiation fills many of the available niches with new species. On a global scale, continental drift is a major factor correlated with the spatial distribution of life and with such evolutionary episodes as mass extinctions followed by increases in biological diversity. The continents drift about earth’s surface on plates of crust floating on the hot mantle and their positions can therefore change relative to one another. At the end of the Paleozoic era, plate movements brought all the landmasses together into a super continent named Pangaea. Species that had been evolving in isolation were brought together at this point and forced to compete. The formation of Pangea reduced shoreline, drained shallow coastal areas, changed the climate and increased the area inland destroying a considerable amount of habitat and reshaping biodiversity. During the Mesozoic, Pangaea broke apart creating new continents that became separate evolutionary areas allowing flora and fauna to diverge. The diversity of life on earth is due to millions of years of evolution. Darwin and Wallace were both important figures in the field of biogeography as their interest and research led to ideas that are still apparent today. Historical geographic factors and the history of the earth are a few aspects that have led to current biodiversity. Biogeography shows compelling evidence that species evolve through natural selection by adapting to new environments. Speciation will continue to occur as the environment changes and as the continents continue to drift. References: Campbell, N. A, and Reece, J. B. 2002. Biology; Sixth Edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco. Futuyma, D. J. 2005. Evolution. Sinauer Associates Inc. , Massachusetts. How to cite Biogeography as Evidence That Evolution Accounts for Diversity of Life, Papers

The Legacy of Jackie Robinson free essay sample

He was a speedster who led his team to six World Series, won Rookie of the Year honors, an MAP award and was a six-time All-Star. But its not because of his marvelous career that Jackasss number 42 is retired in every major league ballpark. Its because on a chilly afternoon in 1947 at Beets Field, Robinson took the diamond for the Dodgers to become the first black man to play in a major league baseball game in the modern era. His stellar play and moreover, his pose under fire paved the way for baseball integration, as barriers broke down in assessable, they also started to crumble in society at large. While Jackie is best remembered for integrating major league baseball, an incident that occurred before his fame as a Dodger heralded his future as a warrior in the battle for civil rights. America entered World War II, as in most of America at the time; blacks suffered the indignation of segregation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Legacy of Jackie Robinson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jim Crow laws 0 the name given to the laws that created whites only restaurants, hotels, restrooms and other segregation C held sway in the Army, too. Jim Crow rules called for white officers to lead black men in their segregated outfits. But the necessities of war were beginning to change things.Jackie was accepted to an integrated Officer Candidate School and assigned to Camp Hood, in Texas. It was there that he became entangled in an incident that nearly ended his military career and the future that he didnt know awaited him. One evening, while boarding a camp bus into town, he dutifully began moving to the back, as blacks were required to do. On his way down the aisle, he saw the wife of a friend sitting mid-way back, and sat down with her. After about five blocks, the driver, a white man, turned in his seat and ordered Jackie to move to the back of the bus.Robinson refused. The driver threatened to make trouble for him when the bus reached the station, but Jackie wouldnt budge. In 1942, Robinson was drafted into the U. S. Army and sent to a segregated unit in Fort Riley, Kansas, where under existing policy he could not enter Officers Candidate School. After protests by heavy. Veggie boxing champion Joe Louis, then stationed at Fort Riley, and other influential persons including Truman Gibson, an African American advisor, the secretary of war, black men were accepted for officer training.Upon completion of the course of study, Robinson was commissioned as a lieutenant in 1943. A racially charged incident at Fort Hood, Texas, threatened to discredit Robinson s service record, when in defiance of a bus drivers command to go to the rear of the bus, he refused to leave his seat. Robinson, a lifelong teetotal and nonsmoker, was charged, originally, with public drunkenness, conduct unbecoming an officer, and willful disobedience.

The Columbian Exchange Essay Example For Students

The Columbian Exchange Essay Entitled after Christopher Columbus, the Columbian Exchange is simply the trade that occurs among the Americans, West Africa and the old world which are often limited to the European colonization. The transference that occurs among these countries includes the widespread transmission of animals, plant, philosophy, concepts, human populations, and technology. It was the coming of Columbus that outlined the globalization of animals, germs, plant and so on. It was the Europeans who got measles, wheat, and horses to America while in this trade, the Americans brought turkeys, potato and tobacco to Europe. The Europeans also brought earthworm aid for the growth of agriculture and transformed America. The earthworm started spreading in the extinct large parts of North America, and whenever this species spread, it changed the landscape, breaking down the fallen foliage and causing nutrient erosion. This enhances plant growth and tends to take away living space from bugs and concurrently, providing a new source of food for many birds. We will write a custom essay on The Columbian Exchange specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Columbian Exchange story begins in Jamestown, in a British colony now the US state of Virginia, in the America, captured when a Portuguese slave ship was captured by nearly two dozen black saves on-board.   Since it was harvest time, the slaves were capitalized on by the Jamestown which in a way, set the seal on slavery in America. Though what the tobacco farmers didn’t know was that in the process of buying labor of services, they have also acquired the diseases these Africans have in their blood. That was why Plasmodium falciparum, the carrier of malaria, now gained a grip in North America, which is the high price the colonial masters have to pay for their atrocities. Just as Europe’s agriculture becomes overly dependent on a product from South America, it becomes of great significance to industry, as rubber either in the form of cable insulation, sealing rings, rings for pipes and so on. Nowadays, it is regarded as a significant part of the modern technology that no matter how rapidly rubber exports increased in Brazil, demand keeps growing and prices continue to inflate. Outline1 Potatoes2 Rice3 Tomatoes4 Livestock5 Class of culture6 Tobacco Potatoes Due to the Columbian Exchange, plants originally from the Americans were delivered at international level. The cause of this was the fact that they have become an essential part of crops. Previously crops like potatoes were only were cultivated out of the South America borders.   This crop eventually became a fundamental element in a nutrition process. At the same time, maize and cassava were introduced by the Portuguese in the 1600s, replacing the sorghum and millet as African most essential food crops. However, colonizers in Spain introduced new kind of staple harvests in Asiatic territory. Rice Rice is another plant that becomes generally cultivated during the Columbian Exchange.   The cause of this was the increase in the request which led to an increase in knowledge on how to plant and grow it Tomatoes Tomatoes didn’t get accepted easily, in fact, it took almost three centuries after tomato introduction, the potato is the only plant that took as long as the tomato to be accepted. Moreover, in the olden days, tomatoes are mainly grown in elite town and were mainly grown as ornaments in Italy. Livestock The Columbian exchange of animals has gone through one route, from Europe to the new world with its region having many more domesticated animals. Native people rapidly embraced the idea to have animals like sheep, goats, donkeys, dogs, chicken, bees and so on for food, transport, and many other uses. This is a component of the first trades from Europe to America which transformed the lives of countless Native American. But notwithstanding, the effects of the introduction of the European livestock on its people were not always positive. .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 , .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 .postImageUrl , .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 , .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398:hover , .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398:visited , .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398:active { border:0!important; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398:active , .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Prevent Computer Viruses EssayIt shouldn’t be forgotten that what plays a role in Chinas fate is three crops which are potatoes, corn, and rice, what makes these unusually high head and hardy non-indigenous plants were able to grow even in soil that would not have supported rice cultivation. The Americans were able to grow with this advantages. Class of culture Class of culture can also have transferred European values to indigenous culture, for example, the role of women and children in the family system, the concepts of the nuclear family. This type of cultural exchange came during the 1500s in North America. For the Europeans, they were seeking economic opportunities, so for the success of the mission, land, and resources were necessary and vital. Tobacco As a direct result of the Columbian Exchange, Tobacco happens to be one of the luxury plants spread as a result of this. This makes the demand for tobacco grew rapidly in the course of the cultural exchanges and continuously increased contacts among peoples. Conclusion Even though the enslaved Africans have a negative effect right from the start, they later have positive effects on the Americans by representing skilled labor and also giving way to a new population which represents a hybrid of the two cultures in comparative. The Columbian Exchange Essay Example For Students The Columbian Exchange Essay The Columbian exchange was the widespread transfer of various products such as animals, plants, and culture between the Americas and Europe. Though most likely unintentional, the byproduct that had the largest impact from this exchange between the old and new world was communicable diseases. Europeans and other immigrants brought a host of diseases with them to America, which killed as much as ninety percent of the native population. Epidemics ravaged both native and nonnative populations of the new world destroying civilizations. The source of these epidemics were due to low resistance, poor sanitation, and inadequate medical knowledge- â€Å"more die of the practitioner than of the natural course of the disease (Duffy). We will write a custom essay on The Columbian Exchange specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now † These diseases of the new world posed a serious threat to the lives of the early settlers, with ineffective treatments mortality was high especially for infants and children. Most patients seeking help turned to local healers using herbal remedies, while others turned to barber-surgeons, minsters, or midwives. There was little regulation or control over medical care and there was no distinction between physician and surgeons. When an emergency occurred whoever was capable of administering medical care was expected to handle all aspects of a situation. Relatively few doctors in this period had any type of medical training; only one of Boston’s ten doctors had a degree. With that prescription drugs were prescribed in excessively large and unmeasured quantities. The most common cures for patients was bloodletting sometimes combined with purgatives such as vomiting. Bloodletting was a method of withdrawing blood from patients in hope to cure or prevent illnesses. Though due to lack of knowledge this method normally kille. .using symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and vomiting. Difficult to recognize at first malaria continues to cause yellowing of the skin, seizures, and even death; these symptoms normally begin after ten to fifteen days after being contracted. Malaria was brought over to early America through slavery and killed millions of people between the seventeenth and twentieth century. Throughout the growth and expansion of America there was been several disease outbreaks both endemic and epidemic such as small pox, measles, yellow fever, and malaria. Starting with the Colombian exchange and slavery these diseases were brought to the new world and spread like wildfires that devastated populations both native and nonnative. Most commonly known for the death toll on the native Americans these diseases were so costly due to low resistance, poor sanitation, and inadequate treatments.

Best Off-Campus Job Options

Best Off-Campus Job Options Its no secret that most college students work during their time in school because they have to, because they want to, or because they both want and have to. And while working on campus has some obvious benefits, working off-campus can be downright amazing. If youre thinking of working off-campus during your time in college, check out any of the following options: Coffee Shop It sounds so simple, but working in a coffee shop can be great for college students. It keeps you busy; youll meet a lot of people; youll likely get discounted, if not downright free, coffee; you can earn tips; and youll learn a skill that will transfer to wherever you live next. Additionally, some major chains offer benefits for part-time workers, which can be a serious bonus during your time in school. Wait Staff at a Nice Restaurant If youre going to wait tables, do your best to find a really nice restaurant. Your tips will be higher, your boss will likely be more experienced, and the little things like air conditioning during the summer will all add up to a nice work experience. Retail Retail can be great for college students, especially if you work at a major chain. The skills and training you receive in your college town, for example, will make you highly appealing to similar stores back in your hometown. Additionally, any discounts you receive on clothing or other items can come in extremely handy. Lastly, because retail stores are often open in the evenings and on weekends, you might be better able to find shifts that accommodate your class schedule than if you worked in a traditional, 9-5 office. Entry-level Administration Dont sell yourself short; even a semester of college might put you ahead of other administrators who dont have any college experience. Consider looking for entry-level administrative jobs that can help you build a resume and some important skills during your time in college. Ideally, when you do graduate, youll then have both the experience and the formal education to skip past entry-level jobs. In a Field Youre Interested In If youre extremely interested in a certain industry, try finding a job you can get during your time in school thats still in the field. True, you likely wont be able to start at the level youre hoping to after you graduate, but working in your desired field can help you confirm that youre aiming for the right place. (Additionally, any connections you make can help you once you do start looking for more advanced work.) In a Non-profit Non-profits can be amazing places to work because they offer so much. In addition to helping communities and individuals, non-profits offer some great benefits to their employees, too. Because most non-profits are small and/or understaffed, you can learn a lot of skills through just one job. You might do a bit of marketing, some community work, some financial management, and some supervision of projects and other people. Consequently, what seems like a small non-profit job just might end up being a huge opportunity for you to learn all kinds of skills. Any Job with Benefits Lets be honest; it can be hard to coordinate benefits like health insurance, retirement plans, and even tuition payments during your time in school. If youre lucky enough to find an off-campus job that offers these benefits (tuition reimbursement, anyone?!), leap on it. While you may not see the actual money behind these benefits in your paycheck, youll undoubtedly feel their advantages during your time in school. Any Job that Provides Housing Fortunately, there are some pretty great off-campus gigs out there that also provide housing. Being an apartment manager, for example, can be a great option during your time in school if you can great free or reduced-cost rent as part of your paycheck. Being a nanny, too, might also be an option, as long as your family is understanding and flexibly about your college commitments. Any Job Online Working off campus doesnt necessarily have to mean working in a traditional brick-and-mortar place. If you can find a job working online, youll have no commuting costs. Some online jobs offer flexible schedules while others require you to be available during specific days and times. Finding something that works for you can be key and a great way to experience an off-campus job without the traditional drawbacks. Any Job at a Place You Want to Work After Graduating Getting your foot in the door in an entry-level job still counts as getting your foot in the door. And while everyone has their dream job, most people also have their dream place to work. If you know where youd absolutely love to work after you graduate, see if you can get a job - any job - there during your time in school. You can meet people, build your reputation, and network in a way that youd never be able to do from the outside. And all of this will, of course, come in handy once you toss your graduation cap and are looking for full-time work away from campus.

Critically discuss the reasons why location has again become a Essay

Critically discuss the reasons why location has again become a critical issue in explaining the global competitiveness of firms - Essay Example They should use all the resources at their disposal to make their markets competitive globally, while at the same time reducing any international trade barriers and limitations. On their part, businesses need to make adjustments in order to compete effectively in the global market since they cannot purely rely on good location as was the case before this trend. They must heavily invest in information technology and adopt cost effective management practices to reach this new status. Moreover, they need to adopt international management practices and culture as well as develop a positive attitude for efficient management. Companies should also consider making regional and global partnerships and connections but taking into account all pros and cons of such ventures. This paper examines the role of location in global competitiveness of multi-national enterprises, MNEs. It then investigates why location has ceased to be the only factor in the success of international business. Role of location, competitiveness and advantage The geography of international business activities greatly depends on the entry mode and competitive advantages of the firms involved. This interdependence becomes clear when one tries examining the dynamics of the activities of knowledge intensive multinational enterprises, MNE (Dunning, 1998).... economy characterized by the emergence of intellectual capital as an important wealth creation asset, globalization of economic activities due to advancement in transport and communication technologies and the emergence of collaborative capitalism. These developments have had an impact on the geography of the activities of foreign direct investments, FDIs and MNEs (Dunning, 1998). The role of spatial transaction costs is slowly shifting, reflecting the liberalisation of cross border markets and the varying attributes of economic performance (Yip, 2002). This cost reduction caused the formation of more market-seeking FDIs and at the same time boosted a welfare enhancing division of labour and also favoured the spatial bunching of firms engaged in allied activities, so that each may gain from the existence of the other, and having access to localized support services, specialized factor inputs, custom-made demand patterns, distribution networks and shared service centres (Tallman and Yip, 2001). Complementary foreign asset and capability sought after by MNEs who wish to add value to their main competitive advantages are progressively more of a knowledge facilitating type and that is mostly the case as their affiliates become more firmly rooted in host economies. A good example is the increasing of value addition in Japanese manufacturing subsidiaries of Europe and North America. An exception to this is some low value-adding activities in the under developed areas of the globe (Tallman and Yip, 2001).As the calculated asset acquiring investment has turned out to be more essential, the location requirements of corporations have changed from the market-oriented or natural resource-oriented to those concerning access to knowledge intensive assets and learning

Was William Shakespeare the author of his plays and sonnets Essay

Was William Shakespeare the author of his plays and sonnets - Essay Example It is difficult to determine the identity of the young man, which is apparent from references made in individual sonnets (Baxter, 1917). As the most important the documents of the time did not mentioned such name such as a Shakespeare. During the Renaissance period, poets were not allowed to publish poetry, so it is possible to assume that one of the poets took a pseudonym "William Shake-speare". Critics suppose that his true name was Edward de Vere. Edward de Vere was better educated than Shakespeare which allowed de Vere to describe events and manners of those times in details. On the other hand, the main problem is that there is no evidence that Shakespeare was an actor. "For example, there is no record of any part he may have played, and only two posthumous traditions to bit parts" (A Beginner's Guide, n.d.). The main fact against Shakespeare's authorship is that no manuscripts of Shakespeare's plays survive. Indeed, there are very few manuscripts available to scholars of plays of the Elizabethan and Jacobean period. Also, many editions, used as a basis for making modern texts into performances in modern theatres, have been put together by editors from early (sixteenth and seventeenth century) printed versions of the plays, published in small editions after the play itself had ceased to be regularly performed. In these editions the text is not always divided into acts and scenes, and when it is, the work, together with the punctuation, spelling and stage directions, is that of the first compositors who set the type from a manuscript probably supplied by the theatre. The first eight plays of Shakespeare to be published did not bear his name, but this was standard practice at the time, since few editions of plays bore the name of the author. It is important to note that this was normal pra ctice at the time, for once a dramatist had sold his play to a theatrical enterprise, he gave up his ownership and copyright of the work. So, it is possible to say that the plays were not written by Shakespeare. In a preface to their work, the editors claim that their texts are more reliable than those to be found in the quartos, many of which were illegally or hastily prepared. (Lancashire, 1998). Other facts against Shakespeare's authorship state that some of the earliest printed versions of the same Shakespeare play differ, quite significantly, in the text that they print. The question then arises as to which of the different versions is the 'correct' one. The main problem is that there is no definitive, generally excepted edition. Also most all texts have been reconstructed by generations of scholars from several of the earliest printed editions of the play. In the practice of Shakespeare's theatre, the authority of the written text was secondary to that of the spoken and the visual, and what was considered to be theatrically effective - what made people actually want to pay money to visit the theatre - was the paramount consideration of the actors and dramatist. The Elizabethan theatre did not possess a huge repertory of classic plays from the past. Almost all the plays shown on the public stages were being shown for the first time, this meant that there was tremendous pressure on dramatists such as Shakespeare to go on producing new plays, because audiences wanted, above all, to see new work. The players, or certainly