Second Foundation 21. The Answer That Satisfied Free Essays

Turbor snickered out of nowhere †chuckled in enormous, blustery blasts that bobbed ringingly off the dividers and passed on in wheezes. He shook his head, pitifully, and stated, â€Å"Great Galaxy, this goes on throughout the night. In a steady progression, we set up our straw men to be wrecked. We will compose a custom exposition test on Second Foundation 21. The Answer That Satisfied or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now We have a ton of fun, yet we don’t go anyplace. Space! Possibly all planets are the Second Foundation. Possibly they have no planet, simply key men spread on all the planets. What's more, what does it make a difference, since Darell says we have the ideal defense?† Darell grinned without humor. â€Å"The immaculate protection isn't sufficient, Turbor. Indeed, even my Mental Static gadget is just something that keeps us in a similar spot. We can't remain perpetually with our clench hands multiplied, wildly gazing every which way for the obscure foe. We should realize how to win, however whom to crush. What's more, there is a particular world on which the adversary exists.† â€Å"Get to the point,† said Anthor, tediously. â€Å"What’s your information?† â€Å"Arcadia,† said Darell, â€Å"sent me a message, and until I got it, I never observed the self-evident. I most likely could never have seen the self-evident. However it was a straightforward message that went: ‘A circle has no end.’ Do you see?† â€Å"No,† said Anthor, tenaciously, and he talked, clearly, for the others. â€Å"A circle has no end,† rehashed Munn, attentively, and his temple wrinkled. â€Å"Well,† said Darell, restlessly, â€Å"it was obvious to me-What is the one outright truth we think about the Second Foundation, eh? I’ll let you know! We realize that Hari Seldon found it at the furthest edge of the Galaxy. Homir Munn conjectured that Seldon lied about the presence of the Foundation. Pelleas Anthor speculated that Seldon had come clean that far, however lied about the area of the Foundation. However, I reveal to you that Hari Seldon lied in no specific; that he told the unadulterated fact of the matter. â€Å"But, what is the opposite end? The Galaxy is a level, focal point molded article. A cross area along its evenness is a circle, and a circle had no closure †as Arcadia figured it out. We †we, the First Foundation †are situated on Terminus at the edge of that circle. We are at a finish of the Galaxy, by definition. Presently follow the edge of that circle and locate the opposite end. Tail it, tail it, tail it, and you will locate no opposite end. You will just return to your beginning stage â€Å"And there you will locate the Second Foundation.† â€Å"There?† rehashed Anthor. â€Å"Do you mean here?† â€Å"Yes, I mean here!† cried Darell, vivaciously. â€Å"Why, what other place would it be able to conceivably be? You said yourself that if the Second Foundationers were the gatekeepers of the Seldon Plan, it was improbable that they could be situated at the alleged opposite finish of the Galaxy, where they would be as disconnected as they could possibly be. You believed that fifty parsecs separation was progressively reasonable. I disclose to you that that is additionally excessively far. That no separation at all is increasingly reasonable. Furthermore, where might they be most secure? Who might search for them here? Goodness, it’s the old standard of the most clear spot being the least dubious. â€Å"Why was poor Ebling Mis so amazed and unmanned by his revelation of the area of the Second Foundation? There he was, searching for it frantically so as to caution it of the happening to the Mule, just to find that the Mule had just caught the two Foundations at a stroke. Also, for what reason did the Mule himself fall flat. in his hunt? Why not? In the event that one is scanning for an unconquerable danger, one would hardly look among the foes previously prevailed. So the Mind-aces, in their own relaxed time, could lay their arrangements to stop the Mule, and prevailing with regards to halting him. â€Å"Oh, it is maddeningly straightforward. For here we are with our plots and our plans, imagining that we are keeping our mystery †when all the time we are in the very heart and center of our enemy’s fortress. It’s humorous.† Anthor didn't expel the incredulity from his face, â€Å"You genuinely accept this hypothesis, Dr. Darell?† â€Å"I genuinely accept it.† â€Å"Then any of our neighbors, any man we go in the road may be a Second Foundation superman, with his brain viewing yours and feeling the beat of its thoughts.† â€Å"Exactly.† â€Å"And we have been allowed to continue this time, without molestation?† â€Å"Without attack? Who disclosed to you we were not attacked? You, yourself, demonstrated that Munn has been messed with. What makes you feel that we sent him to Kalgan in any case totally independently †or that Arcadia caught us and tailed him on her own volition? Hah! We have been attacked immediately, most likely. What's more, all things considered, for what reason would it be advisable for them to accomplish more than they have? It is unquestionably more to their advantage to misdirect us, than simply to stop us.† Anthor covered himself in contemplation and developed thusly with a disappointed articulation. â€Å"Well, at that point, I don’t like it. Your Mental Static isn’t worth an idea. We can’t remain in the house perpetually and when we leave, we’re lost, with what we presently think we know. Except if you can manufacture a little machine for each occupant in the Galaxy.† â€Å"Yes, however we’re not exactly powerless, Anthor. These men of the Second Foundation have an extraordinary sense which we need. It is their quality and furthermore their shortcoming. For example, is there any weapon of assault that will be compelling against a typical, located man which is pointless against a visually impaired man?† â€Å"Sure,† said Munn, immediately. â€Å"A light in the eyes.† â€Å"Exactly,† said Darell. â€Å"A great, solid blinding light.† â€Å"Well, what of it?† asked Turbor. â€Å"But the similarity is clear. I have a Mind Static gadget. It sets up a fake electromagnetic example, which to the psyche of a man of the Second Foundation would resemble a light emission to us. Be that as it may, the Mind Static gadget is multicolored. It moves rapidly and ceaselessly, quicker than the accepting brain can follow. Good at that point, think of it as a glimmering light; the caring that would give you a cerebral pain, whenever proceeded with sufficiently long. Presently escalate that light or that electromagnetic field until it is blinding †and it will end up being a torment, a deplorable agony. However, just to those with the best possible sense; not to the unsensed.† â€Å"Really?† said Anthor, with the beginnings of energy. â€Å"Have you attempted this?† â€Å"On whom? Obviously, I haven’t attempted it. Be that as it may, it will work.† â€Å"Well, where do you have the controls for the Field that encompasses the house? I’d like to see this thing.† â€Å"Here.† Darell ventured into his coat pocket. It was a little thing, hardly swelling his pocket. He hurled the dark, handle studded chamber to the next. Anthor reviewed it cautiously and shrugged his shoulders. â€Å"It doesn’t make me any more brilliant to take a gander at it. Look Darell, what mustn’t I contact? I don’t need to kill the house safeguard unintentionally, you know.† â€Å"You won’t,† said Darell, apathetically. â€Å"That control is secured place.† He flicked at a flip switch that didn’t move. â€Å"And what’s this knob?† â€Å"That one differs pace of move of example. Here †this one fluctuates the power. It’s that which I’ve been alluding to.† â€Å"May I-† asked Anthor, with his finger on the power handle. The others were swarming close. â€Å"Why not?† shrugged DarelI. â€Å"It won’t influence us.† Gradually, wincingly, Anthor turned the handle, first in one bearing, at that point in another. Turbor was gritting his teeth, while Munn flickered his eyes quickly. It was as if they were keening their lacking tactile gear to find this motivation which couldn't influence them. At long last, Anthor shrugged and hurled the control enclose back to Darell’s lap. â€Å"Well, I guess we can believe you. In any case, it’s absolutely difficult to envision that anything was occurring when I turned the knob.† â€Å"But normally, Pelleas Anthor,† said Darell, with a tight grin. â€Å"The one I gave you was a sham. You see I have another.† He hurled his coat aside and held onto a copy of the control box that Anthor had been researching, which swung from his belt. â€Å"You see,† said Darell, and in one motion turned the power handle to most extreme. What's more, with an absurd scream, Pelleas Anthor sank to the floor. He overflowed with his misery; brightened, holding fingers gripping and tearing needlessly at his hair. Munn lifted his feet quickly to forestall contact with the wriggling body, and his eyes were twin profundities of frightfulness. Semic and Turbor were a couple of mortar throws; hardened and white. Darell, grave, turned the handle back again. What's more, Anthor jerked weakly on more than one occasion lay still. He was alive, his breath racking his body. â€Å"Lift him on to the couch,† said Darell, getting a handle on the youthful man’s head. â€Å"Help me here.† Turbor went after the feet. They may have been lifting a sack of flour. At that point, after long minutes, the breathing became calmer, and Anthor’s eyelids shuddered and lifted. His face was a repulsive yellow; his hair and body was absorbed sweat, and his voice, when he talked, was broken and unrecognizable. â€Å"Don’t,† he murmured, â€Å"don’t! Don’t do that once more! You don’t know-You don’t know-Oh-h-h.† It was a long, trembling groan. â€Å"We won’t do it again,† said Darell, â€Å"if you wi

Rhetorical Analysis Of An Advertisement Essay Example For Students

Expository Analysis Of An Advertisement Essay CEMETORYCemetery is the last serene spot for our anxious spirits. It is the spot of our last end. It isn't only a position of headstone and grave, it is the cemetery of our affection ones. At the point when I visited the burial ground just because. The main thing I saw was the gravestones and the graves. A few graves had blossom on them. Not many trees were dispersed toss out the land. I heard the breeze as it goes through the headstones and made murmuring sound. I felt quietness and serenity in this kept zone, which was sustained by imperceptible wall. In contrast to different spots, the connection to the outside world was pattern here. As I stayed there I started to see something else about this spot. I saw history of humankind being covered here. I wandered through the burial ground. I attempted to locate a most seasoned grave. I happened upon a grave, the date on it was 1899 which wasnt the most seasoned grave contrast with the other gravestone I ran over. What strikes me the most was the age of its inhabitant. The headstone read, 1894-1899I am five years oldIt gave me the feeling of mortality. The headstone may be more than 200 years of age, however the young lady was still give years old. In any case how old I got throughout the following barely any years. The young lady will consistently be five years of age. She was undying. Time stopped for her. Graveyard holds the historical backdrop of the individuals being covered there. We battle all through our live. We despise one another, based on the shade of our skin, our race and our religion. We praise our vengeance as most intense as possible. We annihilate so as to flourish. Be that as it may, individuals here were in harmony. My mom consistently disclosed to me the narrative of Sikinder-e-Azam. He is referred to western world as Alexander the-incredible. She revealed to me how he overcomes the world and how amazing he was. Be that as it may, when he kicked the bucket on the outskirt of Persia he didn't take anything with him. He entered his grave with void hands. He is lying in his grave simply like every other person, calmly. The burial ground consistently helped me the realty to remember life. Life is short and we as a whole incredible, so it is a mind-blowing piece cycle. Each asking has its completion and we ought to consistently recollect that. Life exists just for a porti on in time. At long last the existence that we loved so mush just sells out us. The passing that we made a decent attempt to maintain a strategic distance from, takes English

Universities financial prospects should we be worried

Universities’ financial prospects should we be worried Universities’ financial prospects: should we be worried? It’s a tough time to be a university vice-chancellor. Or at least, so says a new report by Shift Learning, commissioned by the Guardian newspaper. The report describes uniquely challenging times ahead for the UK Higher Education sector, and finds that almost two-thirds of VCs are more pessimistic about the financial prospects of their institution than a year ago, with only 22% feeling more optimistic. Some VCs feel at sea in a whirl of demographic and policy changes, with a number describing their institutions as close to the edge. Some even feel their institution is a single policy change away from collapse. A perfect storm Why all the doom and gloom? It’s not any one thing that’s causing the VCs of British universities to feel so pessimistic about their short-term future. Worries voiced by numerous respondents included the following: The possible impact of Brexit on several key areas, including;â€" Access to prestigious international research projects and the funding these projects bringâ€" International student recruitment and retention in the medium- to long-termâ€" Recruitment of high-calibre research staff from the EU and beyond The impact of new evaluation instruments, including the Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF) and Knowledge Exchange Framework (KEF), on the university’s standing and funding. The present demographic dip in domestic 18-year-olds, at a time when student number caps have been removed and universities everywhere are clamouring to increase their intakes. While each of these challenges will affect all universities, some universities will find themselves much more vulnerable to the fallout than others. And institutions outside of the elite Russell Group are likely to face the greatest challenges, in particular with regard to recruiting domestic students. As we reported recently, there are simply fewer eighteen-year-olds in the UK than there have been in the recent past, or than there will be again in the near future. This demographic dip is the result of a temporary slowdown in birth rates in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and means there’s a smaller pool of UK students to choose from. And at the very moment when universities are looking to increase their intakes! To understand why this is likely to impact non-Russell Group institutions the most, it’s worth highlighting a couple of things from the report. First, many elite institutions have been quietly lowering their UCAS tariffs to ensure they don’t lose out on students by imposing too-stringent entry requirements. In a competitive market, it’s natural enough to assume that if a small number of elite universities go down this path, the majority of their peers will follow suit. Second, despite lowering their entry requirements, many of the UK’s very top universities have found themselves using Clearing for the first time as a way to shore up their numbers. Now, imagine you’re a university applicant looking to move to a city (Manchester, say, or Leeds) with both a Russell Group university and a large, well-known post-92 institution. If you were estimated CCC in your A Levels you might in the past have been drawn to the post-92 university; now, you’re more likely to be tempted to apply to the more prestigious Russell Group institution, with the little “edge” it might give you among certain employers. With this kind of calculation going on up and down the country, it’s easy to see how post-92 institutions have the most to lose in the present climate. A desperate future? Do you need to worry about the imminent demise of Higher Education as we know it in the U.K.? In a word, no. There’s no doubt that British universities face a period of unique and complex challenges. And some will be severely affected by the present environment, and the strains it places on student recruitment and retention, and on research. But it’s not all doom and gloom. Thanks to a model that encourages diverse revenue streams, UK universities have a better chance of weathering hardship than their counterparts in other countries. In North America, for example, a relatively small number of elite institutions contribute the vast majority of scholarly research. Faculty members at the remaining institutions receive limited funding and support for research and focus instead on teaching. By contrast, the vast majority of UK university staff are research-active. Even the lowest-ranking universities produce world-leading research and have access to potentially lucrative research funding and projects, though of course the EU presently supplies a significant chunk of this funding. There are real challenges facing the UK Higher Education sector as a whole, and especially those institutions that are less prolific in their research output, and those with traditionally lower tariffs. But the continued boom in international student recruitment is a positive sign. And most universities have access to a range of funding opportunities that should see them through the choppy waters ahead â€" albeit with a few bumps along the way. You may also like... Its high time universities move past BTEC snobbery Why is London attracting so many fresh graduates? Mental health: How proactive can universities be? higher educationstudent newsuniversity funding

Policy Advocacy Assignment Human Immunodeficiency Virus...

Policy Advocacy Assignment Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an incurable illness that can lead to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - a life-threatening condition (CDC.gov). According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, an estimated 1, 218, 4000 people aged 13 and older are living with HIV in the United States. In the initial stages of receiving a positive diagnosis, a person may experience a mix of emotions as they process the way the disease will affect his or her life (Kalipa, Bereda-Thakhathi, Tshotsho, Goon, 2014). In addition, those who choose to disclose their positive status may also have to face the stigma associated with the disease; and discrimination from family, friends, and other community†¦show more content†¦Historical Background Since the emergence of the HIV epidemic in the early 1980s, strategies have been put into place by state governments to help with the spread of the HIV virus from those who are HIV-positive to those in the general public who are HIV-negative (Lehman et al., 2014). Some of the laws that have been enacted by the state have protected the rights and liberties of individuals with HIV; for example, the laws promoting HIV screening and the enactment of federal laws that protect the confidentiality of HIV-positive persons (Neff Goldschmidt, 201 1; aspe.hhs.gov). But on the other hand, in addition to implementing laws that protected the HIV population, some States also enacted laws that criminalized individuals living with HIV/AIDS (Lazzarini, Bray, Burris, 2002). Formally known as HIV-specific laws, these pieces of legislation were, and are still intended to criminalize HIV individuals by penalizing HIV-positive persons who engage in actions that can potentially expose the HIV virus to others (Galletly et al., 2014). The first of these laws were first seen in 1986, and were passed by the state governments of Florida, Tennessee, and Washington (Lehman et al., 2014). The laws were developed due to a belief that they would deter HIV positive people from behaving in aShow MoreRelatedDeveloping a Health Advocacy Campaign for HIV Stigma Reduction2746 Words   |  11 Pages My preparation for this assignment began with a review of the Healthy People initiative that was developed by the Department of Health and Human Services. There are many ongoing health issues that our healthcare system is currently dealing with. The Healthy People initiative is a set of goals and objectives designed to guide national health promotion and disease prevention to improve the health of all people in the United States (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). The populationRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 PagesHypertension- exacerbated by high rates of alcohol abuse and the high sodium content of foods served in fast-food restaurants, shelters, and other meal sites. Diabetes nutritional deficits Respiratory infections COPD Tuberculosis (TB) HIV/AIDS- prevalence of HIV in the homeless is estimated to be at least double that found in the general population. Use of intravenous drugs and the risk for sexual assault are other factors. Homeless persons with AIDS develop more virulent forms of infectious diseasesRead MoreEssay Paper84499 Words   |  338 PagesArmy Regulation 600–20 Personnel–General Army Command Policy Rapid Action Revision (RAR) Issue Date: 20 September 2012 Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC 18 March 2008 UNCLASSIFIED SUMMARY of CHANGE AR 600–20 Army Command Policy This rapid action revision, dated 20 September 2012-o Updates policy for the administration of unit command climate surveys: adds requirement for personnel equivalent to company level commanders; updates timelines to withinRead More1000 Word Essay85965 Words   |  344 PagesResponse Program reinforces the Army s commitment to eliminate incidents of sexual assault through a comprehensive policy that centers on awareness and prevention, training and education, victim advocacy, response,reporting, and accountability. (AR 600-20 June 2006 / 8-1 / PDF 72) The Army s policy on Army Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Program applies where and when? This policy applies -Both on and off post and during duty and non-duty hours. To working, living, and recreational environments

Council vs. Counsel Commonly Confused Words

Council and counsel are homophones, and both words relate to the concept of advice and guidance. However, they do not have identical definitions. Heres how to master the differences between these two words. How to Use Council Council is a noun that refers to a group of people who have been chosen to serve in an administrative, legislative, or advisory role. The word most commonly appears in a government context, but there are also town councils and student councils. A council can be any assembly of individuals who have been chosen to lead a certain organization. Members of a council, called councilors, typically make decisions related to the group or organization they serve. How to Use Counsel The word counsel can be both a verb and a noun. As a verb, counsel means â€Å"to give advice.† As a noun, counsel sometimes refers to a piece of advice or an opinion, often in a legal context. However, the noun form of counsel can also refer to an assembly of people intended to give such advice. A counsel does not have to be elected. The word counselor comes from counsel. Counselor refers to an advisor or other individual who can offer opinions or guidance, such as a guidance counselor or a marriage counselor. How to Remember the Difference A helpful way to distinguish between council and counsel is to think of people involved in a counsel as trying to sell you on their advice or opinion: they are trying to coun-sell you. To remember that a council signifies an elected leadership group, recall that council has two cs, and c stands for city and committee. Examples Megs father, a town councilor, met with the high school counselor to discuss Megs college options. Megs father is an elected member of the town council. The high school counselor is employed by the school to offer advice and opinions about a student’s collegiate prospects.We thanked the lawyers for providing counsel on the matter. Counsel, functioning here as a noun, refers to the legal advice given by a group of lawyers.  They were excited to be elected to the church council based on their vision of the church’s future. Here, council refers to a group of officials elected to help lead and oversee the church, ultimately making decisions that will shape the future of the church.The president discussed financial policy with the economic council members, but kept his own counsel when it came to his personal life. The president consulted a group of people who had been chosen to serve in advisory roles related to his economic policies. However, he kept the details of his p ersonal life to himself and did not seek others insight.My mother counseled me to apply sunscreen before going to the beach with my fellow student council members. The mother offers advice, or counsels, to her child before the child spends the day with the other members of the organization to which she was elected (the student council). What About Consul? The less-used term consul creates another point of confusion when determining which word to use. Consul is a noun that refers to a person who has been appointed to represent a government or state in a foreign country. For example, the U.S. president can appoint a consul to represent U.S. interests in another country. Unlike council and counsel, which in their noun forms refer to groups of individuals, consul refers to one individual.

Biogeography as Evidence That Evolution Accounts for Diversity of Life Free Essays

2) Biogeography is one source of evidence that evolution accounts for the diversity of life. Biogeography is the study of the geographic distribution of species and has contributed evidence for descent from common ancestors, which was hypothesized by Charles Darwin. Darwin and Alfred Wallace were both very interested in biogeography, which provided Darwin with evidence for evolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Biogeography as Evidence That Evolution Accounts for Diversity of Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now Species distribution can be accounted for by ecological factors or by historical factors. The three major historical factors affecting geographic distribution are dispersal, extinction and vicariance. Island biogeography has been extensively studied to show the evolution of species due to geographic barriers. Biogeography along with the history of the earth lends supporting evidence to evolution and the diversity of life on earth. Darwin showed that biogeographic facts make sense if a species has a definite site of origin, achieves a broader distribution by dispersal, and becomes modified giving rise to descendent species in the regions in which it migrates. He noticed that unrelated organisms inhabit parts of the world with similar climates and habitats, such as Old and New World organisms. Darwin also found that organisms of various regions may be different due to barriers or obstacles that may limit migration. He also stated that there is a relation between inhabitants of the same continent or sea but that species differ from place to place. An example of this is aquatic rodents of South America are related to mountainous and grassland rodents of South America, but not to aquatic rodents of North America. Alfred Wallace noticed that several higher taxa had similar distributions and that the composition of biota is more uniform within certain regions then between them. He had collected specimens in the Malay Archipelago and had thought of natural selection. He did extensive field work in the Amazon and noticed that geographic barriers, such as the Amazon River itself, separated the ranges of closely related species. These observations led him to designate several biogeographic realms. He observed that the fauna of Australia and Asia were different and the break between them is known as the Wallace Line. Historical factors affecting geographic distributions of species include extinction, dispersal, and vicariance. Extinction of certain opulations reduces the distribution of species but it also allows for diversification. Extinctions are selective in that some species are more likely to survive then others. For example, gastropods with wide geographic and ecological distributions and those with many species survived the end-Permian extinction. Extinction can lead to diversification in that it resets the stage for evolutionary radiations, perhaps by p ermitting the appearance of new community structures. Futuyma suggests that the extinction of one group permits the efflorescence of others, which is also shown in the fossil record. Dispersal and vicariance are the major hypotheses attributing to a taxon’s distribution. An example of vicarance is taxa that have members on different land masses in the Southern Hemisphere, which is hypothesized to be due to the breakup of Gondwanaland isolating descendents of common ancestors. America, Africa, Madagascar, and India are all home to the freshwater fishes, cichlids. Molecular phylogenetic analyses has shown that two sister clades of cichlids have been found, one consisting of Madagascan and Indian species, and the other of two monophyletic groups, one in Africa and one in South America. However, the splits between the clades are more recent than the breakup of Gondwanaland which suggests that perhaps the cichlids achieved their distribution by dispersal. Both vicariance and dispersal could be the likely cause of the geographic distribution of cichlids. Species expand their ranges by dispersal which is a critical process for geographic isolation in evolution and the current geographic distributions. Most species are restricted to certain biogeographic realms by their dispersal ability but many species have expanded their range due to human transplant. For example, the European starling has expanded in North America following its introduction into New York City in 1896 (Futuyma, 2005). Transplanted species may disrupt the ecosystem at its new location by evolving and adapting to the new environment, possibly causing the extinction of native species. Adaptation to the environment as a primary product of evolution was suggested by Jean Baptiste Lamarck who believed that evolution is the best explanation of the diversity of life. Vicariance is the separation of populations of a widespread species by barriers arising from changes in climate, geology, or habitat. Vicariance can lead to speciation if populations are separated by a geographic barrier and evolve genetic reproductive isolation such that if the barrier disappears, the species can no longer interbreed. Natural selection is a powerful evolutionary force and therefore the genetic changes that result in reproductive isolation in vicariant speciation are likely due to adaptive evolution. Several geological processes can fragment a population into two, such as a mountain range emerging, rivers, lakes, or land bridges. Island biogeography is a very good example of evidence for evolution. Islands are generally where endemic species of plants and animals are found but Darwin observed that most island species are closely related to species from the nearest mainland or neighbouring island. Two islands that have similar environments in different parts of the world are populated by species that are taxonomically affiliated with the plants and animals of the nearest mainland which generally has a different environment. Speciation may occur on islands if a species that disperses from a mainland to an island succeeds in its new environment and gives rise to several new species as populations spread to other islands. Once isolated, geographically separated populations become genetically differentiated as a result of mutation and other processes such as natural selection. Environmental factors are likely to be different from one place to another so natural selection can contribute to geographic variation, differences in the gene pool between populations. Speciation is often a gradual process as the reproductive barriers between the groups is only partial in the beginning but leads to complete reproduction separation (Campbell and Reece, 2002). An example of vicariance and island biogeography is the finches on the Galapagos Islands. Darwin noticed that the finches he collected from the islands were very similar, but that they were in fact different species. Some were unique to individual islands, while other species were distributed on two or more islands that were close together. New finch species had arisen from an ancestral form by the gradual accumulation of adaptations to a different environment. For example, the different beak sizes of the finches are adapted to the specific food available to them on their home island. This is an example of species adapting and evolving to suit their new environment. The Hawaiian Islands are another example of the world’s showcase of evolution and island biogeography. Each island started bare but was gradually populated by species that either rode ocean currents or blew over in the wind, either from distant islands or continents. The physical diversity of each island provides many different environmental opportunities for evolutionary divergence by natural selection. Many of the plants and animals that are currently found on the islands are found nowhere else in the world, they are endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago (Campbell and Reece, 2002). The history of earth also helps to explain the current geographic distribution of species. For example, the emergence of volcanic islands such as the Galapagos opens new environments for species to inhabit and adaptive radiation fills many of the available niches with new species. On a global scale, continental drift is a major factor correlated with the spatial distribution of life and with such evolutionary episodes as mass extinctions followed by increases in biological diversity. The continents drift about earth’s surface on plates of crust floating on the hot mantle and their positions can therefore change relative to one another. At the end of the Paleozoic era, plate movements brought all the landmasses together into a super continent named Pangaea. Species that had been evolving in isolation were brought together at this point and forced to compete. The formation of Pangea reduced shoreline, drained shallow coastal areas, changed the climate and increased the area inland destroying a considerable amount of habitat and reshaping biodiversity. During the Mesozoic, Pangaea broke apart creating new continents that became separate evolutionary areas allowing flora and fauna to diverge. The diversity of life on earth is due to millions of years of evolution. Darwin and Wallace were both important figures in the field of biogeography as their interest and research led to ideas that are still apparent today. Historical geographic factors and the history of the earth are a few aspects that have led to current biodiversity. Biogeography shows compelling evidence that species evolve through natural selection by adapting to new environments. Speciation will continue to occur as the environment changes and as the continents continue to drift. References: Campbell, N. A, and Reece, J. B. 2002. Biology; Sixth Edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco. Futuyma, D. J. 2005. Evolution. Sinauer Associates Inc. , Massachusetts. How to cite Biogeography as Evidence That Evolution Accounts for Diversity of Life, Papers

The Legacy of Jackie Robinson free essay sample

He was a speedster who led his team to six World Series, won Rookie of the Year honors, an MAP award and was a six-time All-Star. But its not because of his marvelous career that Jackasss number 42 is retired in every major league ballpark. Its because on a chilly afternoon in 1947 at Beets Field, Robinson took the diamond for the Dodgers to become the first black man to play in a major league baseball game in the modern era. His stellar play and moreover, his pose under fire paved the way for baseball integration, as barriers broke down in assessable, they also started to crumble in society at large. While Jackie is best remembered for integrating major league baseball, an incident that occurred before his fame as a Dodger heralded his future as a warrior in the battle for civil rights. America entered World War II, as in most of America at the time; blacks suffered the indignation of segregation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Legacy of Jackie Robinson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jim Crow laws 0 the name given to the laws that created whites only restaurants, hotels, restrooms and other segregation C held sway in the Army, too. Jim Crow rules called for white officers to lead black men in their segregated outfits. But the necessities of war were beginning to change things.Jackie was accepted to an integrated Officer Candidate School and assigned to Camp Hood, in Texas. It was there that he became entangled in an incident that nearly ended his military career and the future that he didnt know awaited him. One evening, while boarding a camp bus into town, he dutifully began moving to the back, as blacks were required to do. On his way down the aisle, he saw the wife of a friend sitting mid-way back, and sat down with her. After about five blocks, the driver, a white man, turned in his seat and ordered Jackie to move to the back of the bus.Robinson refused. The driver threatened to make trouble for him when the bus reached the station, but Jackie wouldnt budge. In 1942, Robinson was drafted into the U. S. Army and sent to a segregated unit in Fort Riley, Kansas, where under existing policy he could not enter Officers Candidate School. After protests by heavy. Veggie boxing champion Joe Louis, then stationed at Fort Riley, and other influential persons including Truman Gibson, an African American advisor, the secretary of war, black men were accepted for officer training.Upon completion of the course of study, Robinson was commissioned as a lieutenant in 1943. A racially charged incident at Fort Hood, Texas, threatened to discredit Robinson s service record, when in defiance of a bus drivers command to go to the rear of the bus, he refused to leave his seat. Robinson, a lifelong teetotal and nonsmoker, was charged, originally, with public drunkenness, conduct unbecoming an officer, and willful disobedience.

The Columbian Exchange Essay Example For Students

The Columbian Exchange Essay Entitled after Christopher Columbus, the Columbian Exchange is simply the trade that occurs among the Americans, West Africa and the old world which are often limited to the European colonization. The transference that occurs among these countries includes the widespread transmission of animals, plant, philosophy, concepts, human populations, and technology. It was the coming of Columbus that outlined the globalization of animals, germs, plant and so on. It was the Europeans who got measles, wheat, and horses to America while in this trade, the Americans brought turkeys, potato and tobacco to Europe. The Europeans also brought earthworm aid for the growth of agriculture and transformed America. The earthworm started spreading in the extinct large parts of North America, and whenever this species spread, it changed the landscape, breaking down the fallen foliage and causing nutrient erosion. This enhances plant growth and tends to take away living space from bugs and concurrently, providing a new source of food for many birds. We will write a custom essay on The Columbian Exchange specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Columbian Exchange story begins in Jamestown, in a British colony now the US state of Virginia, in the America, captured when a Portuguese slave ship was captured by nearly two dozen black saves on-board.   Since it was harvest time, the slaves were capitalized on by the Jamestown which in a way, set the seal on slavery in America. Though what the tobacco farmers didn’t know was that in the process of buying labor of services, they have also acquired the diseases these Africans have in their blood. That was why Plasmodium falciparum, the carrier of malaria, now gained a grip in North America, which is the high price the colonial masters have to pay for their atrocities. Just as Europe’s agriculture becomes overly dependent on a product from South America, it becomes of great significance to industry, as rubber either in the form of cable insulation, sealing rings, rings for pipes and so on. Nowadays, it is regarded as a significant part of the modern technology that no matter how rapidly rubber exports increased in Brazil, demand keeps growing and prices continue to inflate. Outline1 Potatoes2 Rice3 Tomatoes4 Livestock5 Class of culture6 Tobacco Potatoes Due to the Columbian Exchange, plants originally from the Americans were delivered at international level. The cause of this was the fact that they have become an essential part of crops. Previously crops like potatoes were only were cultivated out of the South America borders.   This crop eventually became a fundamental element in a nutrition process. At the same time, maize and cassava were introduced by the Portuguese in the 1600s, replacing the sorghum and millet as African most essential food crops. However, colonizers in Spain introduced new kind of staple harvests in Asiatic territory. Rice Rice is another plant that becomes generally cultivated during the Columbian Exchange.   The cause of this was the increase in the request which led to an increase in knowledge on how to plant and grow it Tomatoes Tomatoes didn’t get accepted easily, in fact, it took almost three centuries after tomato introduction, the potato is the only plant that took as long as the tomato to be accepted. Moreover, in the olden days, tomatoes are mainly grown in elite town and were mainly grown as ornaments in Italy. Livestock The Columbian exchange of animals has gone through one route, from Europe to the new world with its region having many more domesticated animals. Native people rapidly embraced the idea to have animals like sheep, goats, donkeys, dogs, chicken, bees and so on for food, transport, and many other uses. This is a component of the first trades from Europe to America which transformed the lives of countless Native American. But notwithstanding, the effects of the introduction of the European livestock on its people were not always positive. .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 , .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 .postImageUrl , .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 , .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398:hover , .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398:visited , .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398:active { border:0!important; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398:active , .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398 .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc9ae19e36b559a79e166cd1657f47398:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Prevent Computer Viruses EssayIt shouldn’t be forgotten that what plays a role in Chinas fate is three crops which are potatoes, corn, and rice, what makes these unusually high head and hardy non-indigenous plants were able to grow even in soil that would not have supported rice cultivation. The Americans were able to grow with this advantages. Class of culture Class of culture can also have transferred European values to indigenous culture, for example, the role of women and children in the family system, the concepts of the nuclear family. This type of cultural exchange came during the 1500s in North America. For the Europeans, they were seeking economic opportunities, so for the success of the mission, land, and resources were necessary and vital. Tobacco As a direct result of the Columbian Exchange, Tobacco happens to be one of the luxury plants spread as a result of this. This makes the demand for tobacco grew rapidly in the course of the cultural exchanges and continuously increased contacts among peoples. Conclusion Even though the enslaved Africans have a negative effect right from the start, they later have positive effects on the Americans by representing skilled labor and also giving way to a new population which represents a hybrid of the two cultures in comparative. The Columbian Exchange Essay Example For Students The Columbian Exchange Essay The Columbian exchange was the widespread transfer of various products such as animals, plants, and culture between the Americas and Europe. Though most likely unintentional, the byproduct that had the largest impact from this exchange between the old and new world was communicable diseases. Europeans and other immigrants brought a host of diseases with them to America, which killed as much as ninety percent of the native population. Epidemics ravaged both native and nonnative populations of the new world destroying civilizations. The source of these epidemics were due to low resistance, poor sanitation, and inadequate medical knowledge- â€Å"more die of the practitioner than of the natural course of the disease (Duffy). We will write a custom essay on The Columbian Exchange specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now † These diseases of the new world posed a serious threat to the lives of the early settlers, with ineffective treatments mortality was high especially for infants and children. Most patients seeking help turned to local healers using herbal remedies, while others turned to barber-surgeons, minsters, or midwives. There was little regulation or control over medical care and there was no distinction between physician and surgeons. When an emergency occurred whoever was capable of administering medical care was expected to handle all aspects of a situation. Relatively few doctors in this period had any type of medical training; only one of Boston’s ten doctors had a degree. With that prescription drugs were prescribed in excessively large and unmeasured quantities. The most common cures for patients was bloodletting sometimes combined with purgatives such as vomiting. Bloodletting was a method of withdrawing blood from patients in hope to cure or prevent illnesses. Though due to lack of knowledge this method normally kille. .using symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and vomiting. Difficult to recognize at first malaria continues to cause yellowing of the skin, seizures, and even death; these symptoms normally begin after ten to fifteen days after being contracted. Malaria was brought over to early America through slavery and killed millions of people between the seventeenth and twentieth century. Throughout the growth and expansion of America there was been several disease outbreaks both endemic and epidemic such as small pox, measles, yellow fever, and malaria. Starting with the Colombian exchange and slavery these diseases were brought to the new world and spread like wildfires that devastated populations both native and nonnative. Most commonly known for the death toll on the native Americans these diseases were so costly due to low resistance, poor sanitation, and inadequate treatments.

Best Off-Campus Job Options

Best Off-Campus Job Options Its no secret that most college students work during their time in school because they have to, because they want to, or because they both want and have to. And while working on campus has some obvious benefits, working off-campus can be downright amazing. If youre thinking of working off-campus during your time in college, check out any of the following options: Coffee Shop It sounds so simple, but working in a coffee shop can be great for college students. It keeps you busy; youll meet a lot of people; youll likely get discounted, if not downright free, coffee; you can earn tips; and youll learn a skill that will transfer to wherever you live next. Additionally, some major chains offer benefits for part-time workers, which can be a serious bonus during your time in school. Wait Staff at a Nice Restaurant If youre going to wait tables, do your best to find a really nice restaurant. Your tips will be higher, your boss will likely be more experienced, and the little things like air conditioning during the summer will all add up to a nice work experience. Retail Retail can be great for college students, especially if you work at a major chain. The skills and training you receive in your college town, for example, will make you highly appealing to similar stores back in your hometown. Additionally, any discounts you receive on clothing or other items can come in extremely handy. Lastly, because retail stores are often open in the evenings and on weekends, you might be better able to find shifts that accommodate your class schedule than if you worked in a traditional, 9-5 office. Entry-level Administration Dont sell yourself short; even a semester of college might put you ahead of other administrators who dont have any college experience. Consider looking for entry-level administrative jobs that can help you build a resume and some important skills during your time in college. Ideally, when you do graduate, youll then have both the experience and the formal education to skip past entry-level jobs. In a Field Youre Interested In If youre extremely interested in a certain industry, try finding a job you can get during your time in school thats still in the field. True, you likely wont be able to start at the level youre hoping to after you graduate, but working in your desired field can help you confirm that youre aiming for the right place. (Additionally, any connections you make can help you once you do start looking for more advanced work.) In a Non-profit Non-profits can be amazing places to work because they offer so much. In addition to helping communities and individuals, non-profits offer some great benefits to their employees, too. Because most non-profits are small and/or understaffed, you can learn a lot of skills through just one job. You might do a bit of marketing, some community work, some financial management, and some supervision of projects and other people. Consequently, what seems like a small non-profit job just might end up being a huge opportunity for you to learn all kinds of skills. Any Job with Benefits Lets be honest; it can be hard to coordinate benefits like health insurance, retirement plans, and even tuition payments during your time in school. If youre lucky enough to find an off-campus job that offers these benefits (tuition reimbursement, anyone?!), leap on it. While you may not see the actual money behind these benefits in your paycheck, youll undoubtedly feel their advantages during your time in school. Any Job that Provides Housing Fortunately, there are some pretty great off-campus gigs out there that also provide housing. Being an apartment manager, for example, can be a great option during your time in school if you can great free or reduced-cost rent as part of your paycheck. Being a nanny, too, might also be an option, as long as your family is understanding and flexibly about your college commitments. Any Job Online Working off campus doesnt necessarily have to mean working in a traditional brick-and-mortar place. If you can find a job working online, youll have no commuting costs. Some online jobs offer flexible schedules while others require you to be available during specific days and times. Finding something that works for you can be key and a great way to experience an off-campus job without the traditional drawbacks. Any Job at a Place You Want to Work After Graduating Getting your foot in the door in an entry-level job still counts as getting your foot in the door. And while everyone has their dream job, most people also have their dream place to work. If you know where youd absolutely love to work after you graduate, see if you can get a job - any job - there during your time in school. You can meet people, build your reputation, and network in a way that youd never be able to do from the outside. And all of this will, of course, come in handy once you toss your graduation cap and are looking for full-time work away from campus.

Critically discuss the reasons why location has again become a Essay

Critically discuss the reasons why location has again become a critical issue in explaining the global competitiveness of firms - Essay Example They should use all the resources at their disposal to make their markets competitive globally, while at the same time reducing any international trade barriers and limitations. On their part, businesses need to make adjustments in order to compete effectively in the global market since they cannot purely rely on good location as was the case before this trend. They must heavily invest in information technology and adopt cost effective management practices to reach this new status. Moreover, they need to adopt international management practices and culture as well as develop a positive attitude for efficient management. Companies should also consider making regional and global partnerships and connections but taking into account all pros and cons of such ventures. This paper examines the role of location in global competitiveness of multi-national enterprises, MNEs. It then investigates why location has ceased to be the only factor in the success of international business. Role of location, competitiveness and advantage The geography of international business activities greatly depends on the entry mode and competitive advantages of the firms involved. This interdependence becomes clear when one tries examining the dynamics of the activities of knowledge intensive multinational enterprises, MNE (Dunning, 1998).... economy characterized by the emergence of intellectual capital as an important wealth creation asset, globalization of economic activities due to advancement in transport and communication technologies and the emergence of collaborative capitalism. These developments have had an impact on the geography of the activities of foreign direct investments, FDIs and MNEs (Dunning, 1998). The role of spatial transaction costs is slowly shifting, reflecting the liberalisation of cross border markets and the varying attributes of economic performance (Yip, 2002). This cost reduction caused the formation of more market-seeking FDIs and at the same time boosted a welfare enhancing division of labour and also favoured the spatial bunching of firms engaged in allied activities, so that each may gain from the existence of the other, and having access to localized support services, specialized factor inputs, custom-made demand patterns, distribution networks and shared service centres (Tallman and Yip, 2001). Complementary foreign asset and capability sought after by MNEs who wish to add value to their main competitive advantages are progressively more of a knowledge facilitating type and that is mostly the case as their affiliates become more firmly rooted in host economies. A good example is the increasing of value addition in Japanese manufacturing subsidiaries of Europe and North America. An exception to this is some low value-adding activities in the under developed areas of the globe (Tallman and Yip, 2001).As the calculated asset acquiring investment has turned out to be more essential, the location requirements of corporations have changed from the market-oriented or natural resource-oriented to those concerning access to knowledge intensive assets and learning

Was William Shakespeare the author of his plays and sonnets Essay

Was William Shakespeare the author of his plays and sonnets - Essay Example It is difficult to determine the identity of the young man, which is apparent from references made in individual sonnets (Baxter, 1917). As the most important the documents of the time did not mentioned such name such as a Shakespeare. During the Renaissance period, poets were not allowed to publish poetry, so it is possible to assume that one of the poets took a pseudonym "William Shake-speare". Critics suppose that his true name was Edward de Vere. Edward de Vere was better educated than Shakespeare which allowed de Vere to describe events and manners of those times in details. On the other hand, the main problem is that there is no evidence that Shakespeare was an actor. "For example, there is no record of any part he may have played, and only two posthumous traditions to bit parts" (A Beginner's Guide, n.d.). The main fact against Shakespeare's authorship is that no manuscripts of Shakespeare's plays survive. Indeed, there are very few manuscripts available to scholars of plays of the Elizabethan and Jacobean period. Also, many editions, used as a basis for making modern texts into performances in modern theatres, have been put together by editors from early (sixteenth and seventeenth century) printed versions of the plays, published in small editions after the play itself had ceased to be regularly performed. In these editions the text is not always divided into acts and scenes, and when it is, the work, together with the punctuation, spelling and stage directions, is that of the first compositors who set the type from a manuscript probably supplied by the theatre. The first eight plays of Shakespeare to be published did not bear his name, but this was standard practice at the time, since few editions of plays bore the name of the author. It is important to note that this was normal pra ctice at the time, for once a dramatist had sold his play to a theatrical enterprise, he gave up his ownership and copyright of the work. So, it is possible to say that the plays were not written by Shakespeare. In a preface to their work, the editors claim that their texts are more reliable than those to be found in the quartos, many of which were illegally or hastily prepared. (Lancashire, 1998). Other facts against Shakespeare's authorship state that some of the earliest printed versions of the same Shakespeare play differ, quite significantly, in the text that they print. The question then arises as to which of the different versions is the 'correct' one. The main problem is that there is no definitive, generally excepted edition. Also most all texts have been reconstructed by generations of scholars from several of the earliest printed editions of the play. In the practice of Shakespeare's theatre, the authority of the written text was secondary to that of the spoken and the visual, and what was considered to be theatrically effective - what made people actually want to pay money to visit the theatre - was the paramount consideration of the actors and dramatist. The Elizabethan theatre did not possess a huge repertory of classic plays from the past. Almost all the plays shown on the public stages were being shown for the first time, this meant that there was tremendous pressure on dramatists such as Shakespeare to go on producing new plays, because audiences wanted, above all, to see new work. The players, or certainly

Trends of Punctuation in English and Lithuanian

Trends of Punctuation in English and Lithuanian Introduction The world of knowledge always tempted the scientists of any spheres. The nature, human body and brain gave birth to the many branches of science such as physics, medicine and philosophy. The analysis of a language was also one of the most popular branches of research of the linguists and grammarians of the fifteenth century. The unbounded interest in the development and variation of a language, and its constructions presented to the world the new approaches analysing the oral and written forms of any language: the phonology, phonetics, grammar and semantics. At the beginning of the fifteenth century, the scholars focused on the study of sounds and their pronunciation. The phoneticians and linguists analysed the origin of vowels and consonants, their structure and the interactions with other sounds, proffering different theories on the usage of them. A few decades later, the majority of scientists turned their focus on the analysis of a communication, basically, the orally expressed l anguage. They gave birth to the new branch of the analysis of language: the rhetoric. Analysing the language as the changeable system of sounds and their combinations, the scientists believed that oral presentation of a language could be divided into smaller units, which were distinguished with the assistance of hearing. Moreover, this division could help to show the purpose of the thought expressed, not only indicating the mood of a speaker, but also presenting the correct function of a thought in a sentence. However, the sixteenth century and the growing needs of the written texts, made the scholars to realize that the language was more complex system of communication. The influence of a church encumbered the scientists. Consequently, the linguists had to concentrate not only on the structure of a sentence and its correlation in a paragraph; they also had to find a method to inbreathe the emotions to the written expressions of thoughts, that the created sentences on the paper would have the same intonation as it was produced orally in a conversation. In order to achieve this purpose the punctuation was created. Motivational basis of the research. The grammarians paid great attention to the phonology, syntax, grammar, the structure of a sentence and its expressions in the oral and written forms. They noticed that the oral structure of the thought cared equal importance of the one visually presented. Moreover, the scientists realized that fair influence was made on the comprehension of a thought or a text. They believed that the punctuation was the basis not only in the specification of the purpose of a sentence, but also in the identification of a style of a text presented. In order to understand the purpose and the usage of marking, the scientists analysed punctuation from different trends of linguistic. Thus, the punctuation was divided into two different traditions: the rhetorical and grammatical. From rhetorical point of view, the composition played the most important role in any kind of communication. The grammarians assumed that composition was a foundation-stone in the science of rhetoric. They presented a theory that a good text or a paragraph depended on three components: â€Å"clear thinking, reading the best and most vigorous writers; and frequent practice in writing, along with careful polishing of what we have written.† ( Meiklejohn J. 1915:175) In other words, the good presentation of a text, especially a thought expressed in written or oral form, depended on the correct and considered structure of a sentence. The linguists, on the contrary, saw oral speech as a â€Å"multimodal, multi channel event that encoded a lot of redundant information.† (Dawnkings J. Breath, Grammar, and Proper Punctuation 1925:1) According to them, people varied the intensity of speech; modulated the intonation, making their voice to rise or to fall as well as using the gestur es, body language and facial expressions. These actions provided additional information on the message produced. The linguists also assumed that the punctuation was expressed with help of intonation, pitch and pauses. Later, these methods took the role in the grammatical division of a sentence. Intonation in written texts served as â€Å"a controller of meaning† providing â€Å"more phrasing information to the reader.† (Flippo R.F. Punctuationand intonation effects on the perception of texts 2001:133). Pitch, on the other hand, indicated the emotional state of a speaker. Rising or falling tone of any word uttered showed the feelings of a communicator either anger, the cry, warring or command. The body language and gestures also assisted in the comprehension of a thought expressed. Grammatical tradition of punctuation, however, lost these â€Å"visual and auditory channels leaving only words and grammatical structures to carry the message.† (Dawnkings J. 1925:2) The grammatical punctuation was used as system of marks that separated or combined the words, sentences or their parts. The linguists assumed that the main function of the punctuation marks was to present a correct meaning of a thought and a speaker or writer was responsible for this action. However, the grammarians soon realized that the liberal rules of punctuation not only provided the freedom of a writer to express their thoughts in the structure they wanted; frequently, this method of punctuating texts led the readers into the ambiguity. Although, the grammarians tried to present and explain the grammatical rules in the simplest way as possible, many people as well as students yet confronted with the difficulties in punctuating any sentence or a text. Therefore, the interest in the punctuati on as intonational device expressing the thought of a written language and the arising difficulties analysing the sentence from structural point of view in both languages English and Lithuanian languages have formed the motivation basis of the research. Different groups of linguists understood the conception of the punctuation differently. Ones concentrated on the intonational part of the sentence and analysed the punctuation marks as the markers of the mood or emotional state of a reader or a writer. Others believed that marking consisted of the strict, sometimes called dogmatic, grammatical rules which could divide the sentence for the further graphical analysis. From these opinions the traditional (rhetorical) and modern (grammatical) concepts of the punctuation appeared. Although, the traditional point of view of punctuation lost the attention in the beginning of the sixteenth century, more and more the grammarians chose to focus their attention on the analysis of the text from the rhetorical point of view, and to practice this way of teaching the grammar, especially punctuation, concentrating on the fluency and the sound of the thought, rather than the structure or strict order of the words. They were of the opinion that the richness and fluency of any text was provided through the intonation and the way to achieve that correct punctuation was required. It may seem that the grammatical point of view had the same function: to indicate a sentence and provide the fluency of the thoughts or texts. However, modern view of punctuation concentrated on the structure of a sentence. It divided a text into units, sentences, and their parts. It indicated the beginning or the end of the thought presented in sentence; provides the general information about a cert ain type of a sentence such as declarative, affirmative, or question. Grammatical analysis distinguished the sentence into units, while rhetorical point of view presented the sentence analysing its â€Å"voice† expressed while reading in silent or out loud. The purpose of the research paper attempts both: the introduction of the punctuation from the traditional and modern points of views and the comparative analysis of punctuation marks comma and dashas well as their interactions with the structure and meaning of a sentence of the texts in English and Lithuanian languages. The main tasks for attaining the aim are: to introduce a reader to the major trends of punctuation to collect the empirical data coherent with the variation of the punctuation and its application of rules on the original texts and their translations to analyse and compare the system and the usage of the punctuation marks of both languages: Lithuanian and English In order to fulfil the research, the analytical, interpretive and comparative methods have been used. The study of analytical method is used for the analysis of scientific literature sources related to the punctuation, its development and the difficulty of its usage. The application of interpretive methods is necessary for the presentation of the different aspects and ideas presented in the analysis the punctuation. The comparative method provides the possibility to distinguish the different functions of punctuation marks used in the texts of scientific and belles-lettres styles. Literature review. Analysing the punctuation from the very ground, it appeared that the first ever used mark in presenting a sentence was a â€Å"space.† Its function was to indicate a short pause between the words either in oral or written forms. Though rhetoric was an ancient science of speaking, it also had some changes including the development of new theories on its function. Defining the rhetoric, it might be said that this science was a system of five canons: â€Å"inventio, dispositio, elocutio, memoria and pronuntiatio.† (NauckÃ…Â «naitÄ— 2000: 12) These canons served as the guiding lines to the correct and clear way of a speech presented. Though, the classicists and modernists of rhetoric analysed the texts according to these five canons, they expressed different opinions on the relationship between a speaker and communication. The classicists believed that the mind was the most important feature in a human, while the main purpose of rhetoric wa s to persuade the listener. The followers of the modern rhetoric, on the contrary, stated that the significant part in a human was the feelings. The expression of feelings used in the communication provided the mutual understanding between the speaker and the listener. Concentrating on the relationship of speaker and listener, the modernists drew a conclusion that the main purpose of rhetoric was to inform the listeners rather than to persuade. Passing decades, however, made the linguists to realize the significant changes in the conception of rhetoric. Many of them noticed that the rhetoric started to be used an indicator of stylistics. Meiklejohn saw the rhetoric as â€Å"the art of putting sentences together.† (Meiklejohn J. M. D. English Grammar, its history and literature 1915: 175) He stated that â€Å"a text has to be presented clear, coherent and vivid. â€Å"(1915: 175) To achieve this, the writer had to know the grammar, sentence structure, and the particularity of language and its clarity. Rhetorical approach of punctuation presented the punctuation marks as indicators of the intonation. The term of intonation referred â€Å"to a means for conveying information in speech which is independent of the words and their sounds.† (Nolan F. 2006:1) According to Francis Nolan, the intonation fulfilled several tasks in analysing language. Intonation â€Å"signalled grammatical structure, [†¦] reflecte d the information structure of an utterance, highlighting constituents of importance.† (2006:1) The punctuation marks, used in the field rhetoric analysis, provided a reader the stylistically presented text. In the text, the punctuation marks indicated the pitch (beginning or the end of the sentence), tone (the mood or attitude of a speaker), and pauses (the length of time, used between the words). Each mark had its own function, such as presenting a request, an order or command. In other words, punctuation provided a reader vivid and natural utterance of a language, which was very similar to the conversation. The usage of a specific punctuation mostly depended on the style the text or a paragraph presented. Therefore, it might be assumed that stylistics also contributed to the rhetoric. Knowing the style or genre of a written text (whether it was scientific, belles-letters or essay) it was easy to notice a particular structure of the sentences, which characterised the punctua tion. A text, written on the scientific purpose, had more complicated structure of punctuation than the belles-letters. Long complex sentences, unemotional, specific terminology and concrete language pictured the scientific style, where the basic punctuation marks appeared to be comma, semicolon and colon. On the contrary, the belles-letters style and essay offered more liberal marking system of a text using the figures of speech such as parenthesis, similes or periphrasis. These figures of speech often played the role of a text colouring. Ã…Â ½uperka K. in his work Stilistika showed the punctuation as a tool of a rhetoric, where the words provided the emotional shade of a sentence and the marks only indicated the mood of the speaker. Walker J., however, offered a different explanation of punctuation. According to him, punctuation was a system of principles that arose† from nature of the living voice, from the perception of harmony in the ear, and from a certain super addition to the senesce of language, of which grammar took no account.† (Walker J. A rhetorical grammar 1829:40) This kind of attitude provided the basic explanation of the prediction of a mark. In order to present the actual intonation, used in any conversation or written text, the writers concentrated on the melody of a thought, rather than on the correct structure of a sentence. They wanted to save the natural fluency of words and sentences produced in the written texts, therefore, most of writers focused on the intonational part of a s entence, and its alteration during the conveyance of a correct meaning of a thought. Intonation, especially the rising or falling tones, played as the indicators of emotions of a speaker as well as the directive in the determination of a sentence type. From structural point of view the punctuation belonged to the syntax â€Å"a device of the communication and the expression of thoughts, presented in the form of colloquial language or written text†. (Labutis V. LietuviÃ…Â ³ kalbos sintaksÄ— 2002: 7) Presenting punctuation as a â€Å"device of the syntax†( Ã…  arÄ eviĆ¡ 1997:179), the grammarians and linguists concentrated on the functional structure of marking a sentence. The punctuation marks served as the indicators of the sentence or a text. They separated or combined particular parts of a sentence, or the whole units, marked the beginning or the end of thought. Other function of the marks was to present a clear, correct and emotional sentences used in silent reading, as they would be produced in oral communication with all specific details such as tone, intonation or pitch. Mcelroy J. presented the punctuation as a system â€Å"ultimately controlled by the principles of constructio n or thought that depended upon the usage only so far as the usage truly represented these laws of thought and construction.†(Mcelroy 1878:1) He assumed that the choice of punctuation marks and their quantity used in a text was â€Å"a question of taste† and depended on a writer. Although, clearly presented conception of the liberal punctuation gave the freedom to the creators of texts, it also influenced the text structure and incorrectly used punctuation, which let the reader or listener to the ambiguity and mistakenly interpreted meaning of a thought. Therefore, the liberty of a writer to choose the punctuating marks according to his point of view, in modern English grammar was replaced by the strict and concrete rules of punctuation. Analysing Lithuanian, on contrary, it might be said that the modern punctuation of this language were taught and used as a strict system of the rules, indicating the way of punctuating a text. Recent research, however, presented a â€Å"liberal tendency of the usage of punctuation.† (SpingytÄ— M. 2010:3)SpingytÄ— M. stated that â€Å"this liberation provided to the writer a possibility to correct the emotional weight of a sentence.† (2010:3) It was a choice of a writer to mark or emphasize a specific word or part of a sentence, which, according to him, might have some additional or influential meaning. However, there was a possibility that this kind of liberalisation might negatively affect the functions of separate punctuation marks. The liberal punctuation rules lessened the specific function of each punctuation mark, leaving a writer to decide which marking was better to be used. It might be stated that the liberal punctuation concentrated more on the intonation rather than grammatical structure of the sentence. This conclusion is based on an analysis of silent reading, which was more influenced by the visual usage of intonation and tone, and less- by the grammatical structure. The empirical data of the research.The primary resources of the bachelor paper are taken from the works: Expression of the Communicative Function of Language in Punctuation by SpingytÄ— M; Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics by Lyons J, and the Forsyte sagaby Galsworthy J. The examples used in the analysis of the punctuation marks are taken from Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics and the Forsyte saga, and their translations to the Lithuanian language. The structure of the research. The bachelor paper consists of the introduction, two main sections, conclusions and the references of the works used. The first part of the research introduces the reader to the two concepts of the punctuation, its variation and the application in the different fields of study. The first section contains the analysis of the punctuation marks from the traditional and modern points of view, i.e. the study of punctuation marks from rhetorical and grammatical fields, and their influence to the meaning of a context. The second part of the research paper provides the analysis on the system of punctuation, comparing the specific punctuation marks such as comma,dash and hyphen in English and Lithuanian languages, used in the texts of scientific and belles-lettres styles. The figures, presented in the second part were used to indicate the functions and the spread of their usage. Part I The major trends of punctuation Punctuation has been an inseparable part of written or spoken language. The punctuation marks, which served only as indicators of the elocution at the beginning of the fifteenth century, quickly influenced other parts of science: grammar, syntax and nowadays widely analysed field of the programming. Through centuries, the formed theories of the purpose and the usage of punctuation marks intrigued the experts and scientists of any language. The grammarians such as George Puttenham and Simon Daines were the first ones who provided the classification of the English punctuation marks from the rhetorical point of view in their works The Arte of English Poesie and Orthoepia Anglicana. The main purpose was to bring, at least, the basic order of punctuation marks, which were missed in the works of twelve century. The biggest merit was to be given to the grammarian Ben Johnson, who systemized the punctuation and provided its analysis from the syntactical point of view.This approach of the punctuation was used till the beginning of the twentieth century. Nevertheless, the Johnsons analysis had not provided a specific usage of marks; the writers used â€Å"commas with every subordinate clause and separable phrase.†(Encyclopaedia Britannica Punctuation in English since 16002008:85) T herefore, analyzing the texts of the middle and early modern English, the inordinate usage of the comma usually is found in those texts. Later decades brought more clarified analysis of the punctuation marks. The grammarians classified and structuralised the punctuation marks according to their purpose or functions. Punctuation became a significant part of structure and cohesion of any text. The deeper analysis of the text revived the interest of grammarians in punctuation not only from rhetorical point of view, but of grammatical as well. Punctuation became important attribute of grammar for the expression of thoughts and the correct understanding of meaning of a sentence. It did â€Å"conduce to make a written language more effective, by exhibiting with greater precision and definiteness the ideas, feelings and emotions of an author.† (Wilson J. A treatise on English punctuation 1856: 2) Therefore, the main aim of the writers was to inbreathe the same intonational expression and emotional influence to the written texts, which was used in the speech and oral communication. 1.1. Rhetorical tradition of punctuation Rhetoric was the oldest science that analysed a language from the oral perspective. Defined as â€Å"the Art of Persuasion†and â€Å"artistic use of language for the sake of aesthetic effects†(Jonge C. 2008:49), rhetoric also served as the guide to correct pronunciation and rhythm, used in speaking or the speech presentations. (Walker J. 1829: ii) Intonation, pitch, the length of pause, all these elements were classified as important features used in simple communication or presenting a speech. Moreover, they not only presented a language as a rhythmical system of sounds, they also provided additional information about the speech and the speaker himself. The rhetoricians believed that these â€Å"elements of language [were] physical: the noise words made and the rhythm of their relationship.† (Tredinnick M. Writing well 2008: 14) In other words, they had the ability to change the meaning of a sentence produced, when the pitch or tone was used incorrectly. Since the oral communication was the first human step towards the analysis of a language as a separate field, rhetoric had to carry two functions: to correct the prosody of oral language and to present the basic grammar, in this case- punctuation. The rhetoricians stated that the speech of any style provided to audience had to respond to five basic questions, also called cannons: a) inventio, b) dispositio, c) elocutio, d) memoria and e) pronuntiatio.† (NauckÃ…Â «naitÄ— 2000: 12) Each of the canons had specific function which was needed in order to express the thoughts in correct and beautiful manner of speaking. Inventio was used to gather and classify the material related to the topic. The speaker had to specify the information used in writing a speech. The term dispositio stood for the enunciation. Its purpose was to group the elements of language logically. Elocutio (style) served as the indicator of a speech presented. It was used as guiding line identifying a style of the written text and the correct grammatical usage of language. Memoria (memorization). Each speech, presented to the audience, needed to be learnt by heart. Pronuntiatio (speaking). The purpose of this canon was to present the speech in correct manner of articulation and gestures. A speaker had to pay attention to the intonation, pitch, tone of the speaking voice, especially, in order to convey the correct meaning of the thought; apart from the articulation, a speaker needed to use the gestures that convinced the meaning of a though expressed. The rhetoricians believed that, being correctly used, these canons could present the perfect creation of written or spoken work. However, rhetoric was used not only the elocution, it also involved the concrete cycle of transformation of a thought to a word. In other words, the silent or loud reading also was under the influence of the rhetoric. The reading itself was regarded as a â€Å"system of rules, which teaches us to pronounce written composition with justness, energy, variety, and ease†. (Walker J. 1829:39).Thus, it might be assumed that the reader needed to use a combination of rhetoric and grammar, in order to understand a text correctly, and to convey the correct meaning to the listener (if a text was read out loud). The rhetoric, mostly, the communication itself, involved every part of human life: â€Å"thought, language, voice and action.†(NauckÃ…Â «naitÄ— 2000:13) Although the main canons remained the same, passing decades brought some disagreements between the scholars who analysed the rhetoric. The rhetoricians were in the dilemma regarding the approach to a human and communication. These disagreements divided rhetoric into two groups: classical and modern rhetoric. (see Table 1) The followers of classical rhetoric believed that the main purpose of rhetoric was to persuade a listener; it meant to present the ideas, which were correct and kept as facts, until other, more persuasive, thoughts appeared. The information presented needed to be clear, correct and concrete, without any additional elements. The followers of modern rhetoric disagreed with the classicists. The modernists assumed that a text presented had to inform listeners or readers rather than to persuade them. The communication with the audience was the requirement; the information presented needed to imply some feelings to the audience. Modernists believed that great influence of any speech resided not only in its structure or the specific information, but also in the manner of its presentation. It might be said that the modernists had found a more delicate way to control the attention of a listener or larger audience. Table 1. The differences in classical and modern rhetoric Though, the approach of human and communication in the rhetoric confronted disagreements between the scientists, the function of punctuation was clearly defined:†the chief reason for punctuating: to clarify the intent structure of language that would-or simply might-otherwise be confusing or misleading.† (Lauchman R. Punctuation at Work 2002:24) In rhetoric, however, punctuation was used for a wider purpose. In order to present stylistically correct and â€Å"living† sentences or text, the punctuation concentrated on the speech patterns such as pitch, tone or intonation. Each mark had to fulfil a specific function that would help the reader or speaker to produce the texts more naturally, i.e. to inbreathe the exact or, at least, similar sound of a tones or pitch used in the oral communication. Moreover, the punctuation marks provided the meaning of the finished thought or showed the need of additional information as well as indicated the type or the functions of th e sentences. For instance, the full stop showed the end of a sentence, which had the falling tone. The thought was finished, and had no additional meaning. The question mark, on the contrary, introduced the reader to the rising tone and intonation, and showed the need of additional information form the different speaker. Though, each punctuation mark was important in the reading and understanding any written text, comma, dash and hyphen were widely used in rhetorical punctuation. 1.1.1. Comma and intonation Communication was inseparable part of human life. It helped to understand others, read their actions, or simply to exchange the information with each other. Writing as well as speaking had the same purpose: to present any information to a reader. However, the complication arose: the most of the aspects of a language used in speaking were not â€Å"as well represented in writing: the rises and falls in pitch, the accents, the pauses, the rhythm, the variations in voice quality— all of them features of sound that contributed significantly to speaking but that writing showed haphazardly if at all.†(Chafe W. 1989:1) Thus, the main purpose of the usage of punctuation was to present the visual equivalent to the spoken language in order to show the correct tone or intonation used in the sentence. The missed or misplaced punctuation mark often led to the misinterpretation of the meaning. The equal misinterpretation of a meaning depended on the rhythm, i.e. the stress marks and the length of syllables. Intonation itself strongly effected the communication; the correct function of information depended on the manner of its utterance. The linguists noticed that people â€Å"more violently react to intonational meanings than to lexical ones.† (Hewings M. Tone Choice in the English Intonation of Non-Native Speakers 1995: 251) It might be stated that the information presented to the audience usually was under the influence of intonation. Pitch, rising or falling tones began to play the significant role in the quality of any spoken text. A speaker needed to pay attention not only on spoken text, but also to control his voice level and the length of pauses between the words. The scientists of phonetics noticed that the variations in a spoken activity were influenced by several external factors: environment, the rank of people spoken to and the audience to which information was presented. Through the careful analysis of speech activities, the scientists noticed the three styles of pronunciation: formal, careful colloquial, and rapid familiar. Formal style of pronunciation was used to â€Å"reading, reciting, speaking before larger audience, at ceremonies, or delivering an academic lecture.† (Hoppe R. 2004: 20) The careful colloquial style had medium tempo and used the assimilations. This style was used in â€Å"every-day conversations, when talking to the official persons or strangers.†( Hoppe R. 2004: 20) The rapid familiar style was expressed in â€Å"rapid conversations: speaking with friends, in the family, or in the pub.† (Hoppe R. 2004: 20) This style used fast speed, the assimilations and reductions. The speech spoken in rapid tempo lessened the length of a pause in a sentence; this led listeners not only to the misunderstanding of the whole information, but also to the annoyance towards the speaker because the information spoken in rapid manner was hard to follow. The slow speaking, on the contrary, extended the length of pauses and they lost main function. A speech or presented text became monotonic and hard to follow, as well as influenced the variation of tone; the long pauses changed the structure of sentence. Therefore, in order to control the length and structure of the sentences, punctuation was used. It might be stated that comma was the most widely used punctuation mark in rhetoric. The main function of this mark was to present the pauses between the words and to indicate a type of tone or intonation used in a sentence. The changes of intonation depended on the place of comma used in a sentence. In other words, comma separated the words from them to running to other parts of a sentence influencing their changes of intonation. To present the deeper analysis of the tone and intonational variations, the sentences from Galsworthy J. work The Forsyte Saga and its translation into Lithuanian by Irena BalÄ iunienÄ— were chosen. The visual presentation of the flow and the alteration of the tone and intonation of sentences were analysed using the special markingâ€Å'. (see Table 2) Table 2. The symbols used for the transcription of the pronunciation The symbol The purpose of usage. â€Å' à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ long pause à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ short pause low falling melod

What Should Coca Cola Have Done?

What should have occurred? What should occur in future situations? It would be a logical inference to suggest that Coca-Cola’s decision to change its formula and market â€Å"New Coke† to the American population was nothing short of a complete failure. â€Å"On 23 April 1985 New Coke was introduced and a few days later the production of original Coke was stopped. This joint decision has since been referred to as ‘the biggest marketing blunder of all time’† (Bhasin, 2010).But to completely dismiss the fact that Coca-Cola was losing market share to Pepsi-Cola, as well as other products that they themselves were producing (Diet Coke), would not fairly give justice to the decisions behind Coca-Cola’s marketing blunder. Coca-Cola was in a dilemma. They were going through an identity crisis, and that crisis seemed to lead them to make their one major costly decision. That crisis was quite simple. Coca-Cola had forgotten who they were and grasping fo r market share, instead of focusing on branding lead them in an ominous direction.In order to avoid an identity crisis, Coca-Cola should have understood that â€Å"a brand is far more than just a logo. Instead, it’s comprised of a complete set of attributes and tools, or â€Å"identity elements,† that give the brand a unique identity† (Forward). The simple fact is that all the time, money, and skill poured into consumer research on the new Coca-Cola could not measure or reveal the deep and abiding emotional attachment to the original Coca-Cola, felt by so many people. The passion for original Coca-Cola was something that caught executives at Coca-Cola by surprise.It was a mystery, an American enigma, and one cannot measure it any more than one can measure love, pride, or patriotism (Bhasin, 2010). Of all of the consumer research and data analyzing Coca-Cola and its executives claim to have performed, it’s a mystery that they forgot one simple rule; ask yo ur customers first! â€Å"Sam Craig, professor of marketing and international business at the Stern School of Business at New York University, pointed to what he and other industry observers have long considered a fatal mistake on Coca-Cola's part. â€Å"They didn't ask the critical question of Coke users: Do you want a new Coke?By failing to ask that critical question, they had to backpedal very quickly† (Ross, 2005). Coca-cola should have concentrated on the brands perception. â€Å"Marketing is a battle of perceptions, not products† (Bhasin, 2010). If Coca-Cola had concentrated on brand perception and less on trying to clone or compete with another company’s product, they would have never made the fatal mistake. What Coca-cola learned was to not be afraid to make a mistake. Yet, most importantly they learned to admit those mistakes and not be afraid to â€Å"make a u-turn†.Through the brand failure of New Coke loyalty to ‘the real thing’ intensified. Coca-Cola assimilated that â€Å"by going back on its decision to scrap original Coke, the company ended up creating an even stronger bond between the product and the consumer† (Bhasin, 2010). Consumers began realizing that coke was more than a drink. It was an experience – an enigma. The question then arises: Coca-Cola has recently decided, along with Pepsi-Cola, to change its recipe in order to avoid putting a cancer warning on their cans. Will Coca-Cola have learned anything from â€Å"the biggest marketing blunder of all time†?Bhasin, H. (2010, January 1). Coca Cola Brand Failure. Retrieved April 2012, 26, from Marketing91: http://www. marketing91. com/coca-cola-brand-failure/ Forward, J. (n. d. ). How to Build Your Brand and Avoid an Identity Crisis. Retrieved April 26, 2012, from Beneath The Brand: http://www. talentzoo. com/beneath-the-brand/blog_news. php? articleID=8478 Ross, M. E. (2005, April 22). It seemed like a good idea at the time . Retrieved April 26, 2012, from MSNBC: http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/7209828/ns/us_news/t/it-seemed-good-idea-time/#. T5mkCuweSSA

A Good Man Is Hard to Find: the Struggle of Acceptance

John Tucker Dr. Larry Composition II 30 April 2010 The Struggle of Acceptance The short story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† portrays forgiveness and change as a key factors leading to emotional turmoil resulting in the death of the grandmother. Both, forgiveness and change give reasoning for the murder and reasoning to prevent the murder. In both cases Jesus Christ shows His impact on life, peoples beliefs and motives. Death, even though a horrible incident, really gives perspective of how Christ influences the point of views of both the grandmother and The Misfit as points in commitment in Him and living a Christian life come into play.The Misfit spent his whole life believing in something that was, in my opinion as a believer, wrong. It is very hard to follow something your entire life and accept something entirely opposite in the matter of minutes and ask for forgiveness making it entirely difficult for The Misfit to commit toward what the grandmother was trying to pers uade. Living a Christian lifestyle, you must take in consideration that forgiveness takes part in commitment toward Jesus Christ. Commitment is something that you do not rush into, commitment is something that takes time and is something you build.To ask for forgiveness for sin takes courage and the want to turn wrong into right. This point in The Misfit’s life is where the fear of not only commitment but change takes its toll. Changing his perception meant changing his beliefs, and changing his beliefs meant changing his life. The Misfit was not only afraid of change but afraid of the fact that Jesus may have actually arisen from the dead, resulting in his beliefs to be obliterated and his life a terrible mistake. A realization this big forced him to eliminate doubt, in this case the grandmother trying to convince him of being, in her point of view, good.But the grandmother’s words didn’t fade along with her death; O’Conner commented on her own work sayi ng, â€Å"†¦the old lady’s gesture, like the mustard-seed, will grow to be a great crow-filled tree in The Misfit’s heart†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kennedy, Gioia 253) Without question, In my opinion, along with O’Connor’s, the grandmother’s act of reaching out to another son of God, forgiveness and change prove to show great effect in a person’s life in this story with the result of a drastic measure ending the life of a woman leaving a mark on The Misfit’s heart and beliefs.Not only was the Misfit’s life affected by change, but the grandmother’s life took a drastic turn as well. Supporting my idea, Elisabeth Piedmont-Marton stated â€Å"As the paths of these two characters converge . . . they are both given opportunities for grace. † (Brinkmeyer Jr. , from Kennedy, Gioia 267) Case in point, throughout the story the grandmother was worried about taking the image of a Christian woman other than acting like one. Being s elfish, the grandmother only thought of herself when the location of the trip was being decided.Not only did the dispute between the family and the grandmother represent her selfishness but more importantly her desire to save only herself as the people she loved died around her. The confrontation with the Misfit gave the grandmother’s attitude a turn in the opposite direction resulting in an understanding that her life wasn’t being lived in a Christian manner. This realization led to an attempt to save the Misfit’s life and help him make the right decisions in the future through the acceptance of Jesus Christ, probably the most honorable thing a person could do in their life.The struggle of accepting Christ and following Him with Christian morals really takes part in the story and is the main reason for conflict. Robert H. Brinkmeyer Jr. , a critic on Flannery O’Connor, studied O’Connor’s work and evidentially came to say O’Connor was , â€Å"Trying to bridge this gap between believing author and unbelieving audience†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Piedmont-Marton) I believe O’Connor, â€Å"Trying to bridge this gap†¦Ã¢â‚¬  truly took the struggle of acceptance into consideration judging on her history for writing short stories and their plots.Symbolically, O’Connor uses the grandmother’s words of persuasion to suggest the power that good has over evil and the desperate actions evil will carry out to avoid the fact that it is mistaken. Forgiveness and change is among the last steps of transforming evil, or sin, into what is right. With that being said, evil makes a choice relying on the quality of persuasion, in this case the grandmother portraying the fact that forgiveness and change is still an option. Talk about death being the factor that influences the misfit and the grandmother specifically through Christ.Then emphasize how Christ is the center of the internal conflict. And then broaden the very end by talking about how the story is about death and how each faith impacts decision making and how the story turns out.Bibliography Piedmont-Marton, Elisabeth, for Short Stories for Students, Gale Research, 1997. Kennedy, X. J. and Dana Gioia. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Boston: 2010. Print Brinkmeyer Jr. , Robert H. â€Å"Flannery O’Connor and Her Readers. † Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. Boston: 2007. Print