Second Foundation 21. The Answer That Satisfied Free Essays

Turbor snickered out of nowhere †chuckled in enormous, blustery blasts that bobbed ringingly off the dividers and passed on in wheezes. He shook his head, pitifully, and stated, â€Å"Great Galaxy, this goes on throughout the night. In a steady progression, we set up our straw men to be wrecked. We will compose a custom exposition test on Second Foundation 21. The Answer That Satisfied or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now We have a ton of fun, yet we don’t go anyplace. Space! Possibly all planets are the Second Foundation. Possibly they have no planet, simply key men spread on all the planets. What's more, what does it make a difference, since Darell says we have the ideal defense?† Darell grinned without humor. â€Å"The immaculate protection isn't sufficient, Turbor. Indeed, even my Mental Static gadget is just something that keeps us in a similar spot. We can't remain perpetually with our clench hands multiplied, wildly gazing every which way for the obscure foe. We should realize how to win, however whom to crush. What's more, there is a particular world on which the adversary exists.† â€Å"Get to the point,† said Anthor, tediously. â€Å"What’s your information?† â€Å"Arcadia,† said Darell, â€Å"sent me a message, and until I got it, I never observed the self-evident. I most likely could never have seen the self-evident. However it was a straightforward message that went: ‘A circle has no end.’ Do you see?† â€Å"No,† said Anthor, tenaciously, and he talked, clearly, for the others. â€Å"A circle has no end,† rehashed Munn, attentively, and his temple wrinkled. â€Å"Well,† said Darell, restlessly, â€Å"it was obvious to me-What is the one outright truth we think about the Second Foundation, eh? I’ll let you know! We realize that Hari Seldon found it at the furthest edge of the Galaxy. Homir Munn conjectured that Seldon lied about the presence of the Foundation. Pelleas Anthor speculated that Seldon had come clean that far, however lied about the area of the Foundation. However, I reveal to you that Hari Seldon lied in no specific; that he told the unadulterated fact of the matter. â€Å"But, what is the opposite end? The Galaxy is a level, focal point molded article. A cross area along its evenness is a circle, and a circle had no closure †as Arcadia figured it out. We †we, the First Foundation †are situated on Terminus at the edge of that circle. We are at a finish of the Galaxy, by definition. Presently follow the edge of that circle and locate the opposite end. Tail it, tail it, tail it, and you will locate no opposite end. You will just return to your beginning stage â€Å"And there you will locate the Second Foundation.† â€Å"There?† rehashed Anthor. â€Å"Do you mean here?† â€Å"Yes, I mean here!† cried Darell, vivaciously. â€Å"Why, what other place would it be able to conceivably be? You said yourself that if the Second Foundationers were the gatekeepers of the Seldon Plan, it was improbable that they could be situated at the alleged opposite finish of the Galaxy, where they would be as disconnected as they could possibly be. You believed that fifty parsecs separation was progressively reasonable. I disclose to you that that is additionally excessively far. That no separation at all is increasingly reasonable. Furthermore, where might they be most secure? Who might search for them here? Goodness, it’s the old standard of the most clear spot being the least dubious. â€Å"Why was poor Ebling Mis so amazed and unmanned by his revelation of the area of the Second Foundation? There he was, searching for it frantically so as to caution it of the happening to the Mule, just to find that the Mule had just caught the two Foundations at a stroke. Also, for what reason did the Mule himself fall flat. in his hunt? Why not? In the event that one is scanning for an unconquerable danger, one would hardly look among the foes previously prevailed. So the Mind-aces, in their own relaxed time, could lay their arrangements to stop the Mule, and prevailing with regards to halting him. â€Å"Oh, it is maddeningly straightforward. For here we are with our plots and our plans, imagining that we are keeping our mystery †when all the time we are in the very heart and center of our enemy’s fortress. It’s humorous.† Anthor didn't expel the incredulity from his face, â€Å"You genuinely accept this hypothesis, Dr. Darell?† â€Å"I genuinely accept it.† â€Å"Then any of our neighbors, any man we go in the road may be a Second Foundation superman, with his brain viewing yours and feeling the beat of its thoughts.† â€Å"Exactly.† â€Å"And we have been allowed to continue this time, without molestation?† â€Å"Without attack? Who disclosed to you we were not attacked? You, yourself, demonstrated that Munn has been messed with. What makes you feel that we sent him to Kalgan in any case totally independently †or that Arcadia caught us and tailed him on her own volition? Hah! We have been attacked immediately, most likely. What's more, all things considered, for what reason would it be advisable for them to accomplish more than they have? It is unquestionably more to their advantage to misdirect us, than simply to stop us.† Anthor covered himself in contemplation and developed thusly with a disappointed articulation. â€Å"Well, at that point, I don’t like it. Your Mental Static isn’t worth an idea. We can’t remain in the house perpetually and when we leave, we’re lost, with what we presently think we know. Except if you can manufacture a little machine for each occupant in the Galaxy.† â€Å"Yes, however we’re not exactly powerless, Anthor. These men of the Second Foundation have an extraordinary sense which we need. It is their quality and furthermore their shortcoming. For example, is there any weapon of assault that will be compelling against a typical, located man which is pointless against a visually impaired man?† â€Å"Sure,† said Munn, immediately. â€Å"A light in the eyes.† â€Å"Exactly,† said Darell. â€Å"A great, solid blinding light.† â€Å"Well, what of it?† asked Turbor. â€Å"But the similarity is clear. I have a Mind Static gadget. It sets up a fake electromagnetic example, which to the psyche of a man of the Second Foundation would resemble a light emission to us. Be that as it may, the Mind Static gadget is multicolored. It moves rapidly and ceaselessly, quicker than the accepting brain can follow. Good at that point, think of it as a glimmering light; the caring that would give you a cerebral pain, whenever proceeded with sufficiently long. Presently escalate that light or that electromagnetic field until it is blinding †and it will end up being a torment, a deplorable agony. However, just to those with the best possible sense; not to the unsensed.† â€Å"Really?† said Anthor, with the beginnings of energy. â€Å"Have you attempted this?† â€Å"On whom? Obviously, I haven’t attempted it. Be that as it may, it will work.† â€Å"Well, where do you have the controls for the Field that encompasses the house? I’d like to see this thing.† â€Å"Here.† Darell ventured into his coat pocket. It was a little thing, hardly swelling his pocket. He hurled the dark, handle studded chamber to the next. Anthor reviewed it cautiously and shrugged his shoulders. â€Å"It doesn’t make me any more brilliant to take a gander at it. Look Darell, what mustn’t I contact? I don’t need to kill the house safeguard unintentionally, you know.† â€Å"You won’t,† said Darell, apathetically. â€Å"That control is secured place.† He flicked at a flip switch that didn’t move. â€Å"And what’s this knob?† â€Å"That one differs pace of move of example. Here †this one fluctuates the power. It’s that which I’ve been alluding to.† â€Å"May I-† asked Anthor, with his finger on the power handle. The others were swarming close. â€Å"Why not?† shrugged DarelI. â€Å"It won’t influence us.† Gradually, wincingly, Anthor turned the handle, first in one bearing, at that point in another. Turbor was gritting his teeth, while Munn flickered his eyes quickly. It was as if they were keening their lacking tactile gear to find this motivation which couldn't influence them. At long last, Anthor shrugged and hurled the control enclose back to Darell’s lap. â€Å"Well, I guess we can believe you. In any case, it’s absolutely difficult to envision that anything was occurring when I turned the knob.† â€Å"But normally, Pelleas Anthor,† said Darell, with a tight grin. â€Å"The one I gave you was a sham. You see I have another.† He hurled his coat aside and held onto a copy of the control box that Anthor had been researching, which swung from his belt. â€Å"You see,† said Darell, and in one motion turned the power handle to most extreme. What's more, with an absurd scream, Pelleas Anthor sank to the floor. He overflowed with his misery; brightened, holding fingers gripping and tearing needlessly at his hair. Munn lifted his feet quickly to forestall contact with the wriggling body, and his eyes were twin profundities of frightfulness. Semic and Turbor were a couple of mortar throws; hardened and white. Darell, grave, turned the handle back again. What's more, Anthor jerked weakly on more than one occasion lay still. He was alive, his breath racking his body. â€Å"Lift him on to the couch,† said Darell, getting a handle on the youthful man’s head. â€Å"Help me here.† Turbor went after the feet. They may have been lifting a sack of flour. At that point, after long minutes, the breathing became calmer, and Anthor’s eyelids shuddered and lifted. His face was a repulsive yellow; his hair and body was absorbed sweat, and his voice, when he talked, was broken and unrecognizable. â€Å"Don’t,† he murmured, â€Å"don’t! Don’t do that once more! You don’t know-You don’t know-Oh-h-h.† It was a long, trembling groan. â€Å"We won’t do it again,† said Darell, â€Å"if you wi

Rhetorical Analysis Of An Advertisement Essay Example For Students

Expository Analysis Of An Advertisement Essay CEMETORYCemetery is the last serene spot for our anxious spirits. It is the spot of our last end. It isn't only a position of headstone and grave, it is the cemetery of our affection ones. At the point when I visited the burial ground just because. The main thing I saw was the gravestones and the graves. A few graves had blossom on them. Not many trees were dispersed toss out the land. I heard the breeze as it goes through the headstones and made murmuring sound. I felt quietness and serenity in this kept zone, which was sustained by imperceptible wall. In contrast to different spots, the connection to the outside world was pattern here. As I stayed there I started to see something else about this spot. I saw history of humankind being covered here. I wandered through the burial ground. I attempted to locate a most seasoned grave. I happened upon a grave, the date on it was 1899 which wasnt the most seasoned grave contrast with the other gravestone I ran over. What strikes me the most was the age of its inhabitant. The headstone read, 1894-1899I am five years oldIt gave me the feeling of mortality. The headstone may be more than 200 years of age, however the young lady was still give years old. In any case how old I got throughout the following barely any years. The young lady will consistently be five years of age. She was undying. Time stopped for her. Graveyard holds the historical backdrop of the individuals being covered there. We battle all through our live. We despise one another, based on the shade of our skin, our race and our religion. We praise our vengeance as most intense as possible. We annihilate so as to flourish. Be that as it may, individuals here were in harmony. My mom consistently disclosed to me the narrative of Sikinder-e-Azam. He is referred to western world as Alexander the-incredible. She revealed to me how he overcomes the world and how amazing he was. Be that as it may, when he kicked the bucket on the outskirt of Persia he didn't take anything with him. He entered his grave with void hands. He is lying in his grave simply like every other person, calmly. The burial ground consistently helped me the realty to remember life. Life is short and we as a whole incredible, so it is a mind-blowing piece cycle. Each asking has its completion and we ought to consistently recollect that. Life exists just for a porti on in time. At long last the existence that we loved so mush just sells out us. The passing that we made a decent attempt to maintain a strategic distance from, takes English

Universities financial prospects should we be worried

Universities’ financial prospects should we be worried Universities’ financial prospects: should we be worried? It’s a tough time to be a university vice-chancellor. Or at least, so says a new report by Shift Learning, commissioned by the Guardian newspaper. The report describes uniquely challenging times ahead for the UK Higher Education sector, and finds that almost two-thirds of VCs are more pessimistic about the financial prospects of their institution than a year ago, with only 22% feeling more optimistic. Some VCs feel at sea in a whirl of demographic and policy changes, with a number describing their institutions as close to the edge. Some even feel their institution is a single policy change away from collapse. A perfect storm Why all the doom and gloom? It’s not any one thing that’s causing the VCs of British universities to feel so pessimistic about their short-term future. Worries voiced by numerous respondents included the following: The possible impact of Brexit on several key areas, including;â€" Access to prestigious international research projects and the funding these projects bringâ€" International student recruitment and retention in the medium- to long-termâ€" Recruitment of high-calibre research staff from the EU and beyond The impact of new evaluation instruments, including the Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF) and Knowledge Exchange Framework (KEF), on the university’s standing and funding. The present demographic dip in domestic 18-year-olds, at a time when student number caps have been removed and universities everywhere are clamouring to increase their intakes. While each of these challenges will affect all universities, some universities will find themselves much more vulnerable to the fallout than others. And institutions outside of the elite Russell Group are likely to face the greatest challenges, in particular with regard to recruiting domestic students. As we reported recently, there are simply fewer eighteen-year-olds in the UK than there have been in the recent past, or than there will be again in the near future. This demographic dip is the result of a temporary slowdown in birth rates in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and means there’s a smaller pool of UK students to choose from. And at the very moment when universities are looking to increase their intakes! To understand why this is likely to impact non-Russell Group institutions the most, it’s worth highlighting a couple of things from the report. First, many elite institutions have been quietly lowering their UCAS tariffs to ensure they don’t lose out on students by imposing too-stringent entry requirements. In a competitive market, it’s natural enough to assume that if a small number of elite universities go down this path, the majority of their peers will follow suit. Second, despite lowering their entry requirements, many of the UK’s very top universities have found themselves using Clearing for the first time as a way to shore up their numbers. Now, imagine you’re a university applicant looking to move to a city (Manchester, say, or Leeds) with both a Russell Group university and a large, well-known post-92 institution. If you were estimated CCC in your A Levels you might in the past have been drawn to the post-92 university; now, you’re more likely to be tempted to apply to the more prestigious Russell Group institution, with the little “edge” it might give you among certain employers. With this kind of calculation going on up and down the country, it’s easy to see how post-92 institutions have the most to lose in the present climate. A desperate future? Do you need to worry about the imminent demise of Higher Education as we know it in the U.K.? In a word, no. There’s no doubt that British universities face a period of unique and complex challenges. And some will be severely affected by the present environment, and the strains it places on student recruitment and retention, and on research. But it’s not all doom and gloom. Thanks to a model that encourages diverse revenue streams, UK universities have a better chance of weathering hardship than their counterparts in other countries. In North America, for example, a relatively small number of elite institutions contribute the vast majority of scholarly research. Faculty members at the remaining institutions receive limited funding and support for research and focus instead on teaching. By contrast, the vast majority of UK university staff are research-active. Even the lowest-ranking universities produce world-leading research and have access to potentially lucrative research funding and projects, though of course the EU presently supplies a significant chunk of this funding. There are real challenges facing the UK Higher Education sector as a whole, and especially those institutions that are less prolific in their research output, and those with traditionally lower tariffs. But the continued boom in international student recruitment is a positive sign. And most universities have access to a range of funding opportunities that should see them through the choppy waters ahead â€" albeit with a few bumps along the way. You may also like... Its high time universities move past BTEC snobbery Why is London attracting so many fresh graduates? Mental health: How proactive can universities be? higher educationstudent newsuniversity funding

Policy Advocacy Assignment Human Immunodeficiency Virus...

Policy Advocacy Assignment Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an incurable illness that can lead to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - a life-threatening condition (CDC.gov). According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, an estimated 1, 218, 4000 people aged 13 and older are living with HIV in the United States. In the initial stages of receiving a positive diagnosis, a person may experience a mix of emotions as they process the way the disease will affect his or her life (Kalipa, Bereda-Thakhathi, Tshotsho, Goon, 2014). In addition, those who choose to disclose their positive status may also have to face the stigma associated with the disease; and discrimination from family, friends, and other community†¦show more content†¦Historical Background Since the emergence of the HIV epidemic in the early 1980s, strategies have been put into place by state governments to help with the spread of the HIV virus from those who are HIV-positive to those in the general public who are HIV-negative (Lehman et al., 2014). Some of the laws that have been enacted by the state have protected the rights and liberties of individuals with HIV; for example, the laws promoting HIV screening and the enactment of federal laws that protect the confidentiality of HIV-positive persons (Neff Goldschmidt, 201 1; aspe.hhs.gov). But on the other hand, in addition to implementing laws that protected the HIV population, some States also enacted laws that criminalized individuals living with HIV/AIDS (Lazzarini, Bray, Burris, 2002). Formally known as HIV-specific laws, these pieces of legislation were, and are still intended to criminalize HIV individuals by penalizing HIV-positive persons who engage in actions that can potentially expose the HIV virus to others (Galletly et al., 2014). The first of these laws were first seen in 1986, and were passed by the state governments of Florida, Tennessee, and Washington (Lehman et al., 2014). The laws were developed due to a belief that they would deter HIV positive people from behaving in aShow MoreRelatedDeveloping a Health Advocacy Campaign for HIV Stigma Reduction2746 Words   |  11 Pages My preparation for this assignment began with a review of the Healthy People initiative that was developed by the Department of Health and Human Services. There are many ongoing health issues that our healthcare system is currently dealing with. The Healthy People initiative is a set of goals and objectives designed to guide national health promotion and disease prevention to improve the health of all people in the United States (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). The populationRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 PagesHypertension- exacerbated by high rates of alcohol abuse and the high sodium content of foods served in fast-food restaurants, shelters, and other meal sites. Diabetes nutritional deficits Respiratory infections COPD Tuberculosis (TB) HIV/AIDS- prevalence of HIV in the homeless is estimated to be at least double that found in the general population. Use of intravenous drugs and the risk for sexual assault are other factors. Homeless persons with AIDS develop more virulent forms of infectious diseasesRead MoreEssay Paper84499 Words   |  338 PagesArmy Regulation 600–20 Personnel–General Army Command Policy Rapid Action Revision (RAR) Issue Date: 20 September 2012 Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC 18 March 2008 UNCLASSIFIED SUMMARY of CHANGE AR 600–20 Army Command Policy This rapid action revision, dated 20 September 2012-o Updates policy for the administration of unit command climate surveys: adds requirement for personnel equivalent to company level commanders; updates timelines to withinRead More1000 Word Essay85965 Words   |  344 PagesResponse Program reinforces the Army s commitment to eliminate incidents of sexual assault through a comprehensive policy that centers on awareness and prevention, training and education, victim advocacy, response,reporting, and accountability. (AR 600-20 June 2006 / 8-1 / PDF 72) The Army s policy on Army Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Program applies where and when? This policy applies -Both on and off post and during duty and non-duty hours. To working, living, and recreational environments

Council vs. Counsel Commonly Confused Words

Council and counsel are homophones, and both words relate to the concept of advice and guidance. However, they do not have identical definitions. Heres how to master the differences between these two words. How to Use Council Council is a noun that refers to a group of people who have been chosen to serve in an administrative, legislative, or advisory role. The word most commonly appears in a government context, but there are also town councils and student councils. A council can be any assembly of individuals who have been chosen to lead a certain organization. Members of a council, called councilors, typically make decisions related to the group or organization they serve. How to Use Counsel The word counsel can be both a verb and a noun. As a verb, counsel means â€Å"to give advice.† As a noun, counsel sometimes refers to a piece of advice or an opinion, often in a legal context. However, the noun form of counsel can also refer to an assembly of people intended to give such advice. A counsel does not have to be elected. The word counselor comes from counsel. Counselor refers to an advisor or other individual who can offer opinions or guidance, such as a guidance counselor or a marriage counselor. How to Remember the Difference A helpful way to distinguish between council and counsel is to think of people involved in a counsel as trying to sell you on their advice or opinion: they are trying to coun-sell you. To remember that a council signifies an elected leadership group, recall that council has two cs, and c stands for city and committee. Examples Megs father, a town councilor, met with the high school counselor to discuss Megs college options. Megs father is an elected member of the town council. The high school counselor is employed by the school to offer advice and opinions about a student’s collegiate prospects.We thanked the lawyers for providing counsel on the matter. Counsel, functioning here as a noun, refers to the legal advice given by a group of lawyers.  They were excited to be elected to the church council based on their vision of the church’s future. Here, council refers to a group of officials elected to help lead and oversee the church, ultimately making decisions that will shape the future of the church.The president discussed financial policy with the economic council members, but kept his own counsel when it came to his personal life. The president consulted a group of people who had been chosen to serve in advisory roles related to his economic policies. However, he kept the details of his p ersonal life to himself and did not seek others insight.My mother counseled me to apply sunscreen before going to the beach with my fellow student council members. The mother offers advice, or counsels, to her child before the child spends the day with the other members of the organization to which she was elected (the student council). What About Consul? The less-used term consul creates another point of confusion when determining which word to use. Consul is a noun that refers to a person who has been appointed to represent a government or state in a foreign country. For example, the U.S. president can appoint a consul to represent U.S. interests in another country. Unlike council and counsel, which in their noun forms refer to groups of individuals, consul refers to one individual.

Biogeography as Evidence That Evolution Accounts for Diversity of Life Free Essays

2) Biogeography is one source of evidence that evolution accounts for the diversity of life. Biogeography is the study of the geographic distribution of species and has contributed evidence for descent from common ancestors, which was hypothesized by Charles Darwin. Darwin and Alfred Wallace were both very interested in biogeography, which provided Darwin with evidence for evolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Biogeography as Evidence That Evolution Accounts for Diversity of Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now Species distribution can be accounted for by ecological factors or by historical factors. The three major historical factors affecting geographic distribution are dispersal, extinction and vicariance. Island biogeography has been extensively studied to show the evolution of species due to geographic barriers. Biogeography along with the history of the earth lends supporting evidence to evolution and the diversity of life on earth. Darwin showed that biogeographic facts make sense if a species has a definite site of origin, achieves a broader distribution by dispersal, and becomes modified giving rise to descendent species in the regions in which it migrates. He noticed that unrelated organisms inhabit parts of the world with similar climates and habitats, such as Old and New World organisms. Darwin also found that organisms of various regions may be different due to barriers or obstacles that may limit migration. He also stated that there is a relation between inhabitants of the same continent or sea but that species differ from place to place. An example of this is aquatic rodents of South America are related to mountainous and grassland rodents of South America, but not to aquatic rodents of North America. Alfred Wallace noticed that several higher taxa had similar distributions and that the composition of biota is more uniform within certain regions then between them. He had collected specimens in the Malay Archipelago and had thought of natural selection. He did extensive field work in the Amazon and noticed that geographic barriers, such as the Amazon River itself, separated the ranges of closely related species. These observations led him to designate several biogeographic realms. He observed that the fauna of Australia and Asia were different and the break between them is known as the Wallace Line. Historical factors affecting geographic distributions of species include extinction, dispersal, and vicariance. Extinction of certain opulations reduces the distribution of species but it also allows for diversification. Extinctions are selective in that some species are more likely to survive then others. For example, gastropods with wide geographic and ecological distributions and those with many species survived the end-Permian extinction. Extinction can lead to diversification in that it resets the stage for evolutionary radiations, perhaps by p ermitting the appearance of new community structures. Futuyma suggests that the extinction of one group permits the efflorescence of others, which is also shown in the fossil record. Dispersal and vicariance are the major hypotheses attributing to a taxon’s distribution. An example of vicarance is taxa that have members on different land masses in the Southern Hemisphere, which is hypothesized to be due to the breakup of Gondwanaland isolating descendents of common ancestors. America, Africa, Madagascar, and India are all home to the freshwater fishes, cichlids. Molecular phylogenetic analyses has shown that two sister clades of cichlids have been found, one consisting of Madagascan and Indian species, and the other of two monophyletic groups, one in Africa and one in South America. However, the splits between the clades are more recent than the breakup of Gondwanaland which suggests that perhaps the cichlids achieved their distribution by dispersal. Both vicariance and dispersal could be the likely cause of the geographic distribution of cichlids. Species expand their ranges by dispersal which is a critical process for geographic isolation in evolution and the current geographic distributions. Most species are restricted to certain biogeographic realms by their dispersal ability but many species have expanded their range due to human transplant. For example, the European starling has expanded in North America following its introduction into New York City in 1896 (Futuyma, 2005). Transplanted species may disrupt the ecosystem at its new location by evolving and adapting to the new environment, possibly causing the extinction of native species. Adaptation to the environment as a primary product of evolution was suggested by Jean Baptiste Lamarck who believed that evolution is the best explanation of the diversity of life. Vicariance is the separation of populations of a widespread species by barriers arising from changes in climate, geology, or habitat. Vicariance can lead to speciation if populations are separated by a geographic barrier and evolve genetic reproductive isolation such that if the barrier disappears, the species can no longer interbreed. Natural selection is a powerful evolutionary force and therefore the genetic changes that result in reproductive isolation in vicariant speciation are likely due to adaptive evolution. Several geological processes can fragment a population into two, such as a mountain range emerging, rivers, lakes, or land bridges. Island biogeography is a very good example of evidence for evolution. Islands are generally where endemic species of plants and animals are found but Darwin observed that most island species are closely related to species from the nearest mainland or neighbouring island. Two islands that have similar environments in different parts of the world are populated by species that are taxonomically affiliated with the plants and animals of the nearest mainland which generally has a different environment. Speciation may occur on islands if a species that disperses from a mainland to an island succeeds in its new environment and gives rise to several new species as populations spread to other islands. Once isolated, geographically separated populations become genetically differentiated as a result of mutation and other processes such as natural selection. Environmental factors are likely to be different from one place to another so natural selection can contribute to geographic variation, differences in the gene pool between populations. Speciation is often a gradual process as the reproductive barriers between the groups is only partial in the beginning but leads to complete reproduction separation (Campbell and Reece, 2002). An example of vicariance and island biogeography is the finches on the Galapagos Islands. Darwin noticed that the finches he collected from the islands were very similar, but that they were in fact different species. Some were unique to individual islands, while other species were distributed on two or more islands that were close together. New finch species had arisen from an ancestral form by the gradual accumulation of adaptations to a different environment. For example, the different beak sizes of the finches are adapted to the specific food available to them on their home island. This is an example of species adapting and evolving to suit their new environment. The Hawaiian Islands are another example of the world’s showcase of evolution and island biogeography. Each island started bare but was gradually populated by species that either rode ocean currents or blew over in the wind, either from distant islands or continents. The physical diversity of each island provides many different environmental opportunities for evolutionary divergence by natural selection. Many of the plants and animals that are currently found on the islands are found nowhere else in the world, they are endemic to the Hawaiian archipelago (Campbell and Reece, 2002). The history of earth also helps to explain the current geographic distribution of species. For example, the emergence of volcanic islands such as the Galapagos opens new environments for species to inhabit and adaptive radiation fills many of the available niches with new species. On a global scale, continental drift is a major factor correlated with the spatial distribution of life and with such evolutionary episodes as mass extinctions followed by increases in biological diversity. The continents drift about earth’s surface on plates of crust floating on the hot mantle and their positions can therefore change relative to one another. At the end of the Paleozoic era, plate movements brought all the landmasses together into a super continent named Pangaea. Species that had been evolving in isolation were brought together at this point and forced to compete. The formation of Pangea reduced shoreline, drained shallow coastal areas, changed the climate and increased the area inland destroying a considerable amount of habitat and reshaping biodiversity. During the Mesozoic, Pangaea broke apart creating new continents that became separate evolutionary areas allowing flora and fauna to diverge. The diversity of life on earth is due to millions of years of evolution. Darwin and Wallace were both important figures in the field of biogeography as their interest and research led to ideas that are still apparent today. Historical geographic factors and the history of the earth are a few aspects that have led to current biodiversity. Biogeography shows compelling evidence that species evolve through natural selection by adapting to new environments. Speciation will continue to occur as the environment changes and as the continents continue to drift. References: Campbell, N. A, and Reece, J. B. 2002. Biology; Sixth Edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco. Futuyma, D. J. 2005. Evolution. Sinauer Associates Inc. , Massachusetts. How to cite Biogeography as Evidence That Evolution Accounts for Diversity of Life, Papers

The Legacy of Jackie Robinson free essay sample

He was a speedster who led his team to six World Series, won Rookie of the Year honors, an MAP award and was a six-time All-Star. But its not because of his marvelous career that Jackasss number 42 is retired in every major league ballpark. Its because on a chilly afternoon in 1947 at Beets Field, Robinson took the diamond for the Dodgers to become the first black man to play in a major league baseball game in the modern era. His stellar play and moreover, his pose under fire paved the way for baseball integration, as barriers broke down in assessable, they also started to crumble in society at large. While Jackie is best remembered for integrating major league baseball, an incident that occurred before his fame as a Dodger heralded his future as a warrior in the battle for civil rights. America entered World War II, as in most of America at the time; blacks suffered the indignation of segregation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Legacy of Jackie Robinson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jim Crow laws 0 the name given to the laws that created whites only restaurants, hotels, restrooms and other segregation C held sway in the Army, too. Jim Crow rules called for white officers to lead black men in their segregated outfits. But the necessities of war were beginning to change things.Jackie was accepted to an integrated Officer Candidate School and assigned to Camp Hood, in Texas. It was there that he became entangled in an incident that nearly ended his military career and the future that he didnt know awaited him. One evening, while boarding a camp bus into town, he dutifully began moving to the back, as blacks were required to do. On his way down the aisle, he saw the wife of a friend sitting mid-way back, and sat down with her. After about five blocks, the driver, a white man, turned in his seat and ordered Jackie to move to the back of the bus.Robinson refused. The driver threatened to make trouble for him when the bus reached the station, but Jackie wouldnt budge. In 1942, Robinson was drafted into the U. S. Army and sent to a segregated unit in Fort Riley, Kansas, where under existing policy he could not enter Officers Candidate School. After protests by heavy. Veggie boxing champion Joe Louis, then stationed at Fort Riley, and other influential persons including Truman Gibson, an African American advisor, the secretary of war, black men were accepted for officer training.Upon completion of the course of study, Robinson was commissioned as a lieutenant in 1943. A racially charged incident at Fort Hood, Texas, threatened to discredit Robinson s service record, when in defiance of a bus drivers command to go to the rear of the bus, he refused to leave his seat. Robinson, a lifelong teetotal and nonsmoker, was charged, originally, with public drunkenness, conduct unbecoming an officer, and willful disobedience.